Famous Events, Birthdays, and Inventions in July

Famous Events, Birthdays, and Inventions in July With both the first-ever U.S. patent and the first numbered patent issued in the month of July, the seventh month of the Gregorian calendar is full of historically significant inventions, patents, trademarks, and copyrights as well as a handful of famous birthdays and events. From the trademark registration of Silly Putty to Model T inventor Henry Fords birthday, find out what historical events took place on this day in the month of July. July Inventions, Trademarks, and Patents More than seven million patents have been registered out of the United States Patent and Trademark Office (USPTO) since the Patent Act of 1836 was passed on July 20 of that year (Patent X1). However, there were a great many that were registered even before that, starting with the patent issued to Samuel Hopkins on July 31, 1790, for a method of producing pot and pearl ash. July 1 1952 - The trademark for  Silly Putty was officially registered, though originally filed on March 31, 1950. A trademark protects words, names, symbols, sounds, or colors that distinguish goods and services. The roar of the MGM lion and the shape of a Coca-Cola bottle are also trademarked. July 2 1907 - Emil Haefely obtained a patent for a machine that wraps electrical conductors in insulating tubes. This method is still used for a large number of electronic devices today. July 3 1979 - The phrase Radio City Music Hall was trademark registered. July 4 1933 -  William Coolidge obtained a patent for the X-ray tube, popularly called the Coolidge tube. July 5 1988 - The Bugs Bunny phrase Whats Up, Doc? was trademark registered. July 6 1904 - Patent #764,166 was granted to Albert Gonzales for a railway switch thats still used today on railroads across America. July 7 1989 - Warner Brothers copyright registered Batman, a movie based on a popular cartoon character. July 8 1873 - Anna Nichols became the first female patent examiner. July 9 1968 - US patent #3,392,261 for the Portable Beam Generator, also known as a hand-held laser ray gun, was granted to inventor  Frederick R. Schellhammer. July 10 1847 - The rotary printing press was patented by Richard Hoe. July 11 1893 - Hoods  Sarsaparilla CIH CO Compound Extract was trademark registered, which was used as a medicine to purify the blood and treat heart disease, rheumatism, scrofula, and dropsy.1990 - Bill Atkinson, the inventor of HyperCard software, left Apple Computers along with Andy Hertzfeld, co-inventor of the Apple Macintosh, and started a new company called General Magic. July 12 1927 - Green Giant Great Big Tender Peas were trademark registered. July 13 1836 - Patents were first numbered, changing the way the system of patents and trademarks was organized. July 14 1885 -  Sarah Goode became the first black woman to receive a U.S. patent for her invention of a folding cabinet bed. July 15 1975 - The Detroit Tigers name was trademark registered.1985 - Aldus PageMaker, the first desktop publishing program, was first shipped for sale to consumers, invented by Paul Brainard. July 16 1878 - Thaddeus Hyatt was granted a patent for reinforced concrete. July 17 1888 -  Granville Woods received a patent for the tunnel construction for electric railways. July 18 1950 - The patent for producing terramycin, an  antibiotic, was issued to its inventors Sobin, Finlay, and Kane. July 19 1921 - The name Breyers Ice Cream was trademark registered. July 20 1865 - The Patent Act of 1865 directed the Commissioner of Patents to turn over patent fees to the Treasury and meet expenses through congressional appropriations, restructuring the department again. July 21 1875 - Mark Twains novel The Adventure of Tom Sawyer was copyright registered.1984 - The first robot-related fatality in the United States occurred when a factory robot in Jackson, Michigan, crushed a 34-year-old worker against a safety bar. July 22 1873 - Louis Pasteur received a patent for the manufacture of beer and treatment of yeast, which would later influence his discovery of the process known as pasteurization. July 23 1906 - The song America the Beautiful was copyright registered by Katharine Lee Bates.1872 - Jonathan Hoyt patented an improved lamp. July 24 1956 - A patent for an oral form of the antibiotic Penicillin was granted to Ernst Brandl and Hans Margreiter. July 25 1876 - Emily Tassey was granted a patent for an apparatus for raising sunken vessels. July 26 1994 -  Design patent #349,137 for a toy teddy bear was granted to Josef Gottstein. July 27 1960 - The first episode of The Andy Griffith Show was copyright registered.1921 - Canadian scientists Frederick Banting and Charles Best first isolated insulin, and within a year, the first human sufferers of diabetes were receiving insulin treatments. July 28 1885 - The ready light or taper was patented by John Mitchell. July 29 1997 - Design patent #381,781 for a swimming pool leaf and debris removal net was granted to Ross Clay. July 30 1933 - The Monopoly board game was copyright registered, and Carles Darrow, the inventor, became the first millionaire game designer after he sold his patent to Parker Brothers. July 31 1790 - Samuel Hopkins was issued the first U.S. patent for manufacturing potash. July Birthdays From the birthday of Georg Christoph Lichtenberg, the German physicist who discovered branching electric discharges inside electricity insulating materials, to the birthday of John Ericsson, who invented the screw propeller for ships, a number of great inventors and idea-makers were born in the month of July. Find out who shares your July birthday below: July 1 1742 - German  physicist  and  educator Georg Christoph Lichtenberg was known for discovering treelike patterns called Lichtenberg figures. He was known for what he called waste books, which were the detailed  notebooks  that he kept full of quotes, sketches,  and  stories.1818 -  Ignaz Semmelweis, a Hungarian  physician, was made famous for realizing that many diseases were contagious and could be drastically reduced by enforcing appropriate hand-washing behavior by medical  caregivers.1872 - Louis Bleriot was  a French aviator, inventor, and engineer; the first man to fly  an airplane  across the English  Channel, and the first to invent a working monoplane.1904 - Mary Calderone was a physician and the founder of Planned Parenthood.1908 - Estee Lauder is famous for founding Estee Lauder cosmetics, one of the most popular brands of makeup in the world. July 2 1847 - Marcel Bertrand was a French mine engineer who founded tectonic geology and formulated the orogenic wave theory of mountain-building.1888 -  Selman Waksman  was an American biochemist and microbiologist who researched organic substances and their decomposition that led to his discovery of Streptomycin and other antibiotics, for which he received the Nobel Prize in 1951.1905 - Jean Rene Lacoste was a French  designer who used  a crocodile  logo on his Lacoste shirts when he introduced them in 1929. Also a tennis player, Jean Rene Lacoste won the U.S. Open in 1926.1906 -  Hans Bethe  was a physicist  who contributed to quantum electrodynamics, nuclear physics, solid-state physics, and particle astrophysics. He was the director of the theoretical division at the Los Alamos laboratory and helped invent the first  atomic bombs, receiving  a Nobel Prize in 1967.1932 - Dave Thomas was the founder of Wendys  Restaurants chain of fast-food restaurants. July 3 1883 - Alfred Korzybski was a Polish  scientist who formulated the theory of semantics. July 4 1753 - Jean Pierre Francois Blanchard was a French balloonist who made the first aerial crossing of the English Channel and made the first balloon flight in North America1776 - The birth of the United States. The Declaration of Independence was signed, officially separating the United States from the United Kingdom.1847 - James Anthony Bailey was a circus promoter who co-started the  Barnum and Bailey Circus.1883 -  Rube Goldberg  was an American inventor, engineer, and a Pulitzer  Prize-winning  political cartoonist famous for the Rube Goldberg machine, which uses a series of moving parts to perform simple tasks.1885 - Louis B. Mayer was a motion-picture executive who founded the Hollywood film studio  Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer (MGM) and invented the star system of actors. July 5 1794 -  Sylvester Graham  invented the graham cracker.1810 - Phineas Taylor Barnum was a circus promoter who co-started the  Barnum Bailey Circus.1867 - Andrew Ellicott Douglass invented the  dendrochronology method thats used for tree-ring dating.1891 - John Northrop was an American biochemist who crystallized several enzymes and won the Nobel Prize in 1946.1904 - Ernst Mayr was a German  biologist who formulated the biological species concept. July 6 1884 - Harold Vanderbilt was known for inventing the game of contract bridge. July 7 1752 - Joseph Marie Jacquard invented the  Jacquard loom  that weaved complex designs.1922 - Pierre Cardin was a French fashion designer who invented the unisex look. July 8 1838  -  Ferdinand von Zeppelin  invented the  rigid airship.1893 - Fritz Perls invented Gestalt therapy. July 9 1802 -  Thomas Davenport  invented the first completely electric motor.1819 -  Elias Howe  invented the first American-patented sewing machine.1856 -  Nikola Tesla  was a  Croatian electrical engineer who invented the radio, X-rays, vacuum tube amplifier, alternating current,  Tesla Coil, and more, completely reshaping the world of electrical engineering, even to this day.1911 - John Archibald Wheeler was born in Florida, a theoretical physicist who coined the terms black hole and wormhole. July 10 1879 -  Harry Nicholls Holmes  was  a chemist  who crystallized vitamin A.1902 - Kurt Alder was a German chemist who formulated the Diels-Alder reaction and won a Nobel Prize in 1950.1917 - Don Herbert was an American television personality who was Mr. Wizard on a science show called Mr. Wizards World (1983–1990).1920 - Owen Chamberlain was an American physicist who discovered antiprotons and a subatomic antiparticle, and won the Nobel Prize in 1959. July 11 1838  -  John Wanamaker  invented one of the first (if not the first) true department store, the first White Sale, the first modern price tags, and the first in-store restaurant. He also pioneered the use of money-back guarantees and newspaper ads to advertise his retail goods. July 12 1730 - Josiah Wedgwood, an England pottery designer, and manufacturer, invented the technique for making Wedgwood china and industrialized the manufacturing of pottery.1849 - William Osler was a Canada physician who is considered a father of modern medicine and wrote about the circulatory system.1854 -  George Eastman  was an American inventor who invented the Kodak camera and rolled photographic film.1895 -  Buckminster Fuller  was an American  architect who invented the geodesic dome.1913 - Willis Lamb was an American physicist who discovered how electrons behave in the hydrogen atom and who won the Nobel Prize in 1955. July 13 1826 - Stanislao Cannizzaro was an Italian  chemist who formulated the reaction of Cannizzaro.1944 -  Erno Rubik  was a Hungarian inventor who invented the Rubiks cube. July 14 1857 -  Frederick Maytag  invented the Maytag washing machine.1874 - Andre Debierne was a French chemist who discovered the element actinium.1918  -  Jay Forrester  was a digital  computer pioneer who invented core memory.1921 - Geoffrey Wilkinson was an English chemist who pioneered inorganic chemistry, invented Wilkinsons catalyst, discovered the structure of ferrocene, and won a Nobel Prize in 1973.1924 - James Whyte Black was a Scottish doctor and pharmacologist who invented propranolol, synthesized cimetidine, and won a Nobel Prize in 1988. July 15 1817 - John Fowler was an English engineer who built the London Metropolitan Railway. July 16 1704 -  John Kay  was an English machinist who invented the flying shuttle that improved looms.1801 -  Julius Plucker  was a German mathematician and physicist who formulated Plucker formulas and was the first person to identify Cathode rays.1888  -  Frits Zernike  invented the phase-contrast microscope that allowed for the study of colorless and transparent biological materials; he won the Nobel Prize in 1953.1907 - Orville Redenbacher invented and sold Orville Redenbachers Gourmet Popcorn.   July 17 1920 -  Gordon Gould  was an American physicist made famous for inventing the laser. July 18 1635 -  Robert Hooke  was an English physicist and the first person to see micrographia by using a microscope.1853 - Hendrik Lorentz was a Dutch physicist who discovered and explained the Zeeman effect and derived the transformation equations used by  Albert Einstein  to describe space and time. Lorentz won the Nobel Prize in 1902. July 19 1814 -  Samuel Colt  was an American gunmaker who invented the Colt revolver.1865 - Charles Horace Mayo was an American  surgeon who started the Mayo  Clinic. July 20 1897 -  Tadeusz Reichstein  won the Nobel Prize in 1950 and was a Swiss  chemist who invented a method to artificially synthesize vitamin C.1947  -  Gerd Binnig  was a 1986 Nobel Prize winner and German physicist who invented the scanning tunneling microscope that could view individual atoms. July 21 1620 - Jean Picard was a French astronomer who first accurately measured the length of a degree of a meridian (longitude line) and from that computed the size of the Earth.1810 - Henri Victor Regnault was a French physicist and chemist  known  for his research on the thermal properties of gasses as well as a photographer who invented the use of pyrogallic acid as a developing agent.1923 - Rudolph Marcus was a Canadian chemist who formulated the Marcus theory of electron-transfer reactions in chemical systems and who won a Nobel Prize in 1992. July 22 1822 - Gregor Mendel was the geneticist  who discovered the laws of heredity through experimentation in his garden.1844 - William Archibald Spooner invented spoonerisms, a play on words wherein the first letters of two words are  switched, often to humorous effect.1887 - Gustav Hertz was a German quantum physicist who experimented with inelastic electron collisions in gasses known as the Franck–Hertz experiments and who won a Nobel Prize in 1925.1908 - Amy Vanderbilt might be the inventor of etiquette and wrote the Complete Book of Etiquette. July 23 1827 - Pieter Caland was a Dutch hydraulic engineer who built the New Waterway of Rotterdam.1828 - Jonathan Hutchinson was an English surgeon who was the first to describe the medical signs  of  congenital syphilis. July 24 1898  -  Amelia Earhart  was an American aviator who was the first woman to pilot across the Atlantic; she disappeared during one of her trans-Atlantic flights. July 25 1795 - James Barry was a female disguised as a man who became the surgeon general of the British army.1866 - Frederick Frost Blackman was an English plant physiologist who wrote the 1905 paper Optima and Limiting Factors, in which he demonstrated that where a process depends on a number of independent factors, the rate at which it can take place is limited by the rate of the slowest factor. July 26 1799 - Isaac Babbitt invented babbitts metal used in engine bearings.1860 - Philippe Jean Bunau-Varilla was a French  engineer who helped build the Panama Canal.1875 - Carl Jung was a Swiss  psychologist who invented analytical psychology, known as Jungian psychology, who greatly influenced later works of many psychologists around the world.1894 - Aldous Huxley was the English science fiction author who wrote Brave New World.1919 - James Ephraim Lovelock was an English scientist and futurist known for proposing the Gaia hypothesis, in which he postulates that the Earth functions as a kind of superorganism. July 27 1848 - Roland Baron von Eà ¶tvà ¶s  was a Hungarian  physicist who formulated the concept of molecular surface tension and the Eà ¶tvà ¶s torsion balance.1938 - Gary Gygax was an American game designer who co-invented the Dungeons Dragons role-playing game. July 28 1907 - Earl Silas Tupper invented Tupperware. July 29 1891 - Bernhard Zondek was a German  gynecologist who invented the first reliable pregnancy test in 1928. July 30 1863 -  Henry Ford  was an American automaker who invented the Model T Ford.1887 - Felix Andries Vening Meinesz was a Dutch geophysicist who invented a precise method for measuring gravity called the gravimeter. The gravimeter allowed for a precise  measure  of gravity at sea, which led Meinesz to discover gravity anomalies above the ocean floor due to continental drift.1889 -  Vladimir Zworykin  was a Russian electronics engineer who invented an electronic television system. July 31 1803  -  John Ericsson  was an American inventor of the screw propeller for ships.1918 - Paul D. Boyer was an American biochemist and Nobel Prize winner in 1997.1919 - Primo Levi was an Italian chemist turned writer best known for his autobiography, Survival in Auschwitz.

How to be a great manager, according to Facebook

How to be a great manager, according to Facebook Tons of managers are fine and get the job done, but merely â€Å"okay† doesn’t inspire people to do great things. If you’re a manager, are you putting your all into your job, making sure that your direct reports are blossoming under your direction? In an interview with Glassdoor on February 27, 2018, Facebook VP of Human Resources Janelle Gale detailed the qualities she’s experienced that makes a great manager. She also discussed what makes certain managers merely â€Å"meh† at their jobs. Let’s take a closer look at what sets both manager types apart.Great managers  aren’t controllingSome managers tend to take the reins and pull them too tight. They become fixated on certain ways of doing business and do not give their employees an inch of leeway. According to Gale, these are not the very best managers. Facebook co-founder Mark Zuckerberg agrees, actually insisting that the â€Å"real art† of management is being so un-control ling that managers allow employees to do things they don’t agree with, but may lead to greatness.Great managers promote growthGreat managers also never allow their employees to stagnate or rest on their laurels. They promote growth by giving employees opportunities to learn new skills and serve as daily mentors to their direct reports. They reward strong performances and make sure that they, too, find new ways to grow in their own upper-level jobs so they can meet new challenges and accomplish increasingly complex tasks.Great managers like their jobsOne of the most important qualities of a great manager is being happy in the leadership role. Those who feel stuck in their jobs will exude a stagnant air that employees will not miss, undermining the manager’s effectiveness tremendously. A manager who is happy to be a manager will exude an aura of positivity and productive spirit that will be downright infectious.Great managers are supportiveAnother positive managerial tra it is supportiveness. As Gale says, â€Å"At Facebook, the great managers are supporting, they’re taking care of people, they’re reinforcing people’s strengths, they’re trying to make sure they get the opportunities to learn and grow in their jobs.†hbspt.cta.load(2785852, '9e52c197-5b5b-45e6-af34-d56403f973c5', {});â€Å"Okay† managers are supportersNot all managers have mastered the art of management as Gale described it, though that doesn’t mean they are necessarily bad at their jobs. We’re talking about the adequate, the acceptable, the merely okay. These are the managers who could use a great deal of improvement, and Gale says that a main issue with the okay manger is that he or she functions more as a supporter than a manager. Now, this is distinct from being supportive, which is a positive trait. However, when a manager works too closely with employees, micromanages, or practically does employees’ work for them, th at manager has crossed over from being a manager to being a supporter. At Facebook, a more hands-off management approach is a major element that contributed to making the company such a raging success.The okay manager can easily transform into the great one by recognizing her or his own negative or just-okay methods and bringing them in line with Gale’s recipe for great management. If you are too controlling, break that bad habit to manage with a lighter touch. If you are not sufficiently supportive, try to be more mindful of how you interact with your employees. If you notice that your employees are stagnating, promote their growth with rewards programs, mentoring programs, and opportunities to learn new skills. And if you are miserable being a manager, find a new line of work or find a way to enjoy what you do.

Nursing Eduaction Literature review Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Nursing Eduaction - Literature review Example Nursing programs have been implemented in various countries to adhere to set codes with the standards set in the organized system. In the planning of the lectures, there needs to be the careful planning of the available resources within these institutions to ensure best practice delivered to support the course. Without the paramount provisions, there may be reduced understanding of the course. Like the other professional courses, nursing has been regarded as a leading profession in the medicine industry because they offer the cushion needed to patients, and to the doctors whose services are immense within the hospitals. Nurses have been assigned particular roles in the treatment industry because of their involvement in ensuring security and sustenance of the patient. The delicate group has offered challenges in best practice and there needs to be the careful selection of strategies in implementing their curriculum. With the complex course increasing within the society, evidence has b een placed that, with the best teaching methods, successful nurses have been created. Best way to teach nursing lectures Before enrollment within a university that offers nursing course and lessons, the individual must be capable of handling designated duties to depict responsibility. The nurse bears the role of careful selection of methods that favor adequate conditions towards recovery. Nurses have been mandatory in the medical profession because they dedicate their effort to offering the needed base for easier performance within the institutions. The best nurses are those that have undergone through the needed learning and practice procedure to present measures that contribute to adequate service delivery. Before the individual is considered a qualified nurse, they must be accorded with the right documentation to prove their qualification to the profession. The licensure is gained after completing educational qualifications that are presented in accredited learning institutions. These guidelines have been the affirmative measures included in the state to stop under qualified individuals from offering the services. To achieve the license, there needs to be the development of best measures that promise to increase efficiency within institutions to ensure delivery of best nurses in the industry (Smith & Fitzpatrick 2006, p58). To qualify for the nursing profession, the requirements are varied for the existing nurses. Licensed Vocational Nurses (LVN) are required to complete an issued qualification in the formal education program with a suitable training program. The provision included to becoming advanced nurses has been included in holding the masters degree qualification. The organizations that offer the nursing profession in technical schools, community colleges and accredited institutions need to offer practical lessons in clinics and hospitals. This is mandatory to familiarize the candidate with the environment that they would work in after graduation. Ho wever, to present the desired experience, the students need to be motivated in a busy environment with tough situations. These may be through allocation to public hospitals as compared to private hospitals that hold the best facilities. The lesson in public hospitals may be added as compared to private with a few staff members to share the needed incentive. The assessment on the practical environment

Reducing the Risks of Petrochemical Companies Essay

Reducing the Risks of Petrochemical Companies - Essay Example II. Description of the Problem In describing the problem, three risks of petrochemical companies have been recognized, namely, (1) ergonomic harms, (2) fires, and (3) environment contamination. First, ergonomics denotes the interface between human beings and the device and machine in the workplace. Workers in petrochemical companies are highly exposed to ergonomic harms, such as musculoskeletal disorders (common for workers of drilling companies), or diseases caused by toxic fumes or substances. The petrochemical accident in Bhopal, India will be the example that will be used for ergonomic harms. Second, petrochemical companies are also prone to accidental fires or explosions due to their handling of fuels, such as hydrocarbons. Good examples for this category are the fires and explosion in Texas and Louisiana. Third, petrochemical companies carry with it several environmental hazards, just like in China and Argentina wherein massive environmental catastrophes have brought about a cy cle of damages to the health of the local population. Some of the examples that will be used in this category are the oil spills in Alaska and Gulf of Mexico. ... Generating and using such chemicals requires handling harmful substances and massive volumes of energy. Due to these circumstances, when there is an accident at a petrochemical plant, it can create disastrous effects III. Importance/Significance of Inquiry Petrochemical companies are currently an interesting issue for accident research. The petrochemical industry is somewhat rigidly connected, and has numerous intricately interactive elements. This research is interested in petrochemical companies because they demonstrate the existence of accidents in an established, efficient, modernized industry that has a significant financial interest to mitigate accidents. According to some studies, in petrochemical companies, with efficient management, advanced technologies, and powerful motivations to avoid disasters, the existence of accidents must indicate a phenomenon inherent to the mechanisms themselves (Galambos et al. 2007). In other words, petrochemical accidents are most probably inte rnally caused. Therefore, finding out these internal causes to ergonomic harm, fires/explosions, and environmental contamination will almost certainly help in developing the best solutions to reduce the potential hazards in petrochemical companies. Therefore, the problem is important to solve because the Increasing growth of the petrochemical companies incidents in our world in the past two decades. IV. Relevance Statement The research involved with this proposal is socially and culturally important because petrochemical companies, which before were viewed as signs of success and affluence became associated with environmental degradation, injuries, casualties, and

Modernism and Postmodernism in Product Design Essay Example for Free

Modernism and Postmodernism in Product Design Essay Modernism and Postmodernism are two important thought in design. The Postmodernism is evolution from the Modernism. The modern movement of the 1930s through post-modernism of the 1960s. Although that in this modern society, it is still using Modernist and Postmodernist design. Modernism and Postmodernism have their own principles and sign. In the following paragraph, I will go to identify the different between Modernism and Postmodernism in product design. And also analyze each Modernist and Postmodernist product. Firstly, the period of Modernism started in beginning of 20 century. Modernism occurred in 1930s. It influenced by Bauhaus design principles in 1919. Its founder was Walter Gropius. The inspiration come from Russian Constructrism and De Stijl and search for clear similar idea to De Stijl. There are 3 important principles; form follows function, economy of form and truth to materials. That function became the fundamental beliefs of modernism. Therefore modernist product designs are base on function. Its products are more practicality. Modernism is object too much superfluous decorate. (Mattox 1995, [Online]) It is advocate simplify, geometric, clear, neat and tiny. It usually presents the meaning in directly (Mattox 1995, [Online]) The material of modernist design is stress on good quality. Therefore all of the modernist designs take on geometric, simplify and functional (Mattox 1995, [Online]) Now I am going to talk about some modernist product. Chris Everard 2000, in Wilhide 2000, p.37 The first of the modernist product is a lamp. It calls AJ Visor. It was designed by Arne Jacobsen in 1956. He is a modernist designer. When he established his own practice in 1930, he introduced the modernist aesthetic to Denmark (Wilhide 2000, p.37) His style is simple. This lamp looks simple. It has a metal shade and it is steeply angled. The minimalism of the stand and the stem give that look alertness and focus. (Wilhide 2000, p.37) This design based on the function, it can provide the concentrated directional lighting for reading. The metal shade like a visor, it can shield the eyes from the glare of the light. Metal is a one of the modernistic material. The base is circular and it cut out a circle in the base. It can balance the lamp to stand. (Wilhide 2000, p.36) Overall, it is poise and refinement. (Wilhide 2000, p.37) It uses the white colour and simple shape to make user feel an elegant and simple life style. Therefore it is a modernist design. Chris Everard 2000, in Wilhide 2000, p.32 Chris Everard 2000, in Wilhide 2000, p.33 The second modernist product is a light. It calls Tube light. It was designed by Eileen Gray in 1927. She is a modernist. Her style is simple and elegant. She likes to use some new materials in her period such as tubular steel. (Wilhide 2000, p.32) This light has a long light tube. The tube supported by slim chromium plated steel frame. This kind of material is a good quality in her period. It looks simple and it no more decoration. In this design, it base on function. The only one function is for lighting. From this light, it show that Gray expect have a simple, harmonious and comfortable life. (Wilhide 2000, p.33) This light is a typical of modernist design. Barcelona, in Stimpson 1987, p.69 The third modernist product going to analyze is a table. It called Barcelona. It was designed by Ludwig Mies van der Rohe in 1930. It designed for the Tugendhat House. (Stimpson 1987, p.69) It made of flat bar steel and it has a joint welded in X shape be the frame. It has a glass top be the surface of the table. (Stimpson 1987, p.69) It is a simple and traditional table. It shape in square and has four legs. The surface of the table is flat and square. It is a practical table. Therefore, this table proof that the modernist design is geometric, simplify and functional one more time. And also meaning modernist designer expect have a simple life style. Wassily Chair, DWR [online] The last modernist product is this chair, called Wassily Chair. It was designed by Marcel Breuer in 1925. The Breuer Wassily has few equals. However, Marcel Breuer may not be as famous as his modernist contemporaries Mies van der Rohe and Le Corbusier, he was certainly as brilliant a furniture designer. (DWR, [online]). The first bent tubular-steel chair ever, is a case in point; all first tries should be this good. (DWR, [online]) The chair is using the daring and fresh colour to printing. That can animated character brings life to any residence or office. This is a modernist product. Secondly, Postmodernist: Decoration and appropriation, the return of narrative and content. (Postmodernism 2001, [online]) The period of Postmodernism is start at the end of 20 Century. Postmodernism is stress on the decoration and the looking. Their design is base on their feeling and what the meaning they want to present. It was also not affect by popular culture. Each Postmodernist design or product can be present each designers thought and their own culture. They like to develop some classic or modernism design to Postmodernism. (Chan 2000, [online]) Postmodernist design is not usually presents the meaning in directly. It means the meaning is not clear. The material of Postmodernist design is depending on the designer. They use everything which can be present their feeling and meaning to make the Postmodernist Product. Therefore Postmodernist design is advocate progressive, Contextual, multiple view, complexity and abstract. (Mattox 1995, [Online]) Now I am going to give some exa mple to prove my definition. Alessi SpA, in Collins 1994, p.140 The first of the postmodernist design go to discuss is a set of tea and coffee service. It call Aircraft carrier. It was designed by Hans Hollein in 1983. The whole set of tea and coffee service is made by silver. The teapot and cups is position on its carrier-shaped tray. The teapot is shaped like a plane. The idea of this tea and coffee service is from the Aircraft carrier. The cups and teapot seem like it ready to take off in the users hands. (Collins 1994, p.140) In this product, designer develops the shape of cups, teapot and the tray to unlike other tea and coffee service to achieve meaning which he wants to present. He also use the silver be the material It can present the Aircraft carrier is cool. (Collins 1994, p.140) This design is base on the designers feeling and his meaning which he wants to present. From this we can distinguish this is a postmodernist design. Alessi SpA, in Collins 1994, p.137 The second postmodernist product is a kettle. It called Bollitore. It was designed by Richard Sapper in 1983. It made by stainless-steel. It have a dome-shaped body and with a whistle in the drain of the kettle which shape like the end of a Wild West six-shooter. When the water boiling, the kettle can produce the sound of an American steam locomotive. (Collins 1994, p.136) The shape of the handle looks like the cockscomb. The idea of this kettle is come from the Wild West in American. In this kettle, designer use the Wild West six-shooter shape and the sound of American steam locomotive to achieve the meaning which he want to present. (Collins 1994, p.136) From this we also can distinguish this is a postmodernist design. Chair_one, unica home [online] The third postmodernist product is Chair_one. It was designed by Konstantin Grcic 2003. This is a brand new product. The chair_one is an exceptionally versatile indoor or outdoor seating system. (Unica home, [online]) It can use in different version such as fixed, swivel and stacking. And it made by strong aluminum, cataphoretically-treated and painted in red, white or anthracite polyester powder. (Unica home, [online]) The chair shape likes skeleton. It can present the designer meaning and feeling. Actually this chair is for the decoration more than the functionally. Thurs, this is a postmodernist design. Torso armchair and sofa, unica home [online] The final product is an armchair and sofa. It was designed by Paolo Deganello in 1982. It was a cassina collection with the series offer armchairs and sofa with steel structure, polyurethane foam and polyester padding upholstered in either fabric or leather and attached to the frame by elastic webbing. (Unica Home, [online]) The armchair can be a bed It used the bright colour to be more attractive. The customers can choose any colour of the chair. The designer wanted to present the freedom of the life. This is a postmodernist design. In my conclusion, Modernism and Postmodernism have there own principles. Under my research, I find out the main idea of Modernism is base on the function and present the meaning directly and clearly. It advocates simple design. It also objects too much decorates (Mattox 1995, [Online]). The idea of Postmodernism is base on the decoration and the looking. It advocates individual creative thinking and not present the meaning directly and clearly (Nip 2001, [online]). Overall, Modernism and Postmodernism have their own characteristic. They can let designer bring more idea. Bibliography Bicket, 1998, Modernism and Postmodernism Some Symptoms Useful Distinctions, [online], (21/05/1998 update), available: http://www.geneseo.edu/~bicket/panop/modpomo.htm (10/08/2004 access date) (Bicket 1998, [online]) Chan Kai Fung, 2000, The style of Postmodernism, [online], (1/10/2000 update), available: http://ktgss.edu.hk/academic/art_and_design/2000s3d/chankaifung/a1.htm (10/08/2004 access date) (Chan 2000, [online]) Collins, Michael, 1994, Towards Post-Modernism Design since 1851, British Museum Press, London (Collins 1994, p. ) Design within research, [online], (10/08/2004 update), available: http://www.dwr.com/productdetail.cfm?id=4070 (DWR, [online]) Nip Yan Choi, 2001, Talking about Postmodernism, [online], (10/08/2004 update), available: http://new.ccea.org.tw/excel/comunication/soc/19.htm (10/08/2004 access date) (Nip 2001, [online]) Postmodernism, [online], (04/2001 update), available: http://retrokat.com/rescue/class/10787/wk02.htm (10/08/2004 access date) (Postmodernism 2001, [online]) Stimpson, Miriam 1987, Modern Furniture Classics, The Architectural Press Ltd., London (Stimpson 1987, p.) Wilhide, Elizabeth 2000, Living With Modern Classics, The Light, Watson-Guptill Publications, New York (Wilhide 2000, p.) Unica Home, [online], (10/08/2004 update), available: www.unicahome.com/ catalog/item.asp?id=12972 (10/08/2004 access date)

Eating Disorders Essay -- Health, Diseases, Anorexia Nervosa, Binge Ea

Introduction Eating disorders are psychological problems marked by an obsession with food and weight. There are four general categories of eating disorders these are; Anorexia nervosa, Binge eating and Bulimia nervosa. However this disorder affects individuals of various age groups; it has become more popular among teenagers these days. For the purpose of this research plan the writer will focus on age group of ages 15 to 19 because teenagers most vulnerable to eating disorders fall into this age group. Moreover, in doing so it will also be possible to determine the significance of this research and apply it to today’s lifestyle. Anorexia is a medical condition in which youngsters, mainly during the onset of puberty, begin to starve themselves thinking they are overweight, even though they are not. They remain under this illusion and as a result of being cautious they become extremely thin, bordering on ill health or sometimes death. Eating disorder in teenagers has become an area of con cern as it is a disease which is affecting the youth of today’s society. The purpose of this research is to identify the main cause of eating disorder in teenagers and help the young generation as they play a vital role for tomorrow’s future. Literature review Causes of anorexia The causes of anorexia are complex and no single factor has been identified. The actual cause of these disorder appear to result from many factors, including those that are genetic, media leading disorders, parental behaviours, psychological factors and negative family influence. Anorexia Nervosa Parentlink (2008) describes anorexia as a disease where the individual person starves himself/herself even though he/she is hungry and is seen to be very thin. Furt... ...d happy life themselves. If taken care of for instance proper care from the family, teenagers are less likely to suffer from the eating disorders. This then means parents can control teenagers eating habits with maximum supervision. Since family lifestyle tends to affect teenagers eating habits. In recent studies by Fornari and Dancyger (2003) notes that family whereby parents are overly controlling, a teenager tends to put on a lot of emphasis on looks, diet them or criticizes their body appearance can cause anorexia. In this case it’s the family’s duty to provide support and care to the general development of the teenagers for a better future. Yoon et al. (2005) argued that families, friends, and dating partners play a role in the development of anorexia and other eating disorders by the generation and transmission of different messages about the thin-ideal.

Nurse to patient ratio in emergency rooms

The presence of emergency rooms in hospital provides the people with additional service especially in time of need. Emergency situations are given the attention they deserve and the people affected are extended prompt care and treatment in emergency rooms. â€Å"When you need help right away, the best place to go is the nearest hospital emergency room. Also called the ER, this place is open 24 hours a day. Nurses and doctors are there day and night to care for medical problems that need quick attention† (â€Å"What Happens In The Emergency Room†). The presence of doctors, nurses, and equipment are important factors in making the emergency room serve its purpose. Due to the number of emergency situations that occur on a daily basis however, said factors must be assessed in order to determine whether or not emergency rooms still provide ample assistance to people in a given community.One such factor of great importance is the number of nurses assigned to a shift in an eme rgency room. It is important to review how the number of nurses in an emergency room can affect the rendition of service to patients, and ultimately, how it affects mortality of patients in the hospital. Nurses are of value and importance inside the hospital. As correctly stated by Underwood,Nurses in the community are well prepared and well positioned to improve the health and well-being of people living in the community. The available evidence is convincing that nurses in the community have a positive impact on the health of individuals, families, and populations (2003).Admittedly, it is the doctor who orders what type of treatment and prescribes the necessary medication to a certain patient. However, it must be noted that without the nurse, the orders of the doctor will be put to naught since no one will be in charge in the execution of said orders. So also, the basic things preliminary to the treatment of the patient are usually done by the nurse. Thus, it necessary to analyze h ow understaffing of nurses in the emergency room could affect the services these nurses render to the patients who are urgently in need of help. Ultimately, it can be seen that the safety of the patients are dependent on the number of the nurses that are assigned to the emergency room in a given shift.The quality of the services provided and delivered by the nurses depends on the tasks assigned to them and to the number of patients they attend to. Based on studies conducted, increase in the ratio between patients and nurses are advantageous as regards the delivery of health care services to the patients. The opposite is not only disadvantageous to the interests of the patients, but rather, it could lead to deterioration of health or even death on the part of the patients. The staffing of nurses in emergency rooms is an important issue must be addressed. The patient and nurse ratio affects the work load of the nurse, medication errors, waiting time of patients, delivery of care and m ortality. Said issues must be address in order to ensure that emergency rooms are still effective venues for rendering treatment to emergency situations.Increase in the patient to nurse ratio would ensure better rendition of services to patients. Firstly, delays will be prevented by higher ratio between patents and nurses inside the emergency room. Clearly, there are instances where more patients need care and there are only a handful of nurses available at a given shift. In these cases, not all the patients will be attended to promptly. Some would have to wait because the nurses would have to focus on the other patients who are in need of more urgent care or treatment.The other patient, also needing emergency treatment, will necessarily have to wait. As aptly stated,  excessive delays are akin to possible adverse events from the supply side (pressure experienced by the nurses) and from the demand side (waiting patients), both of which factor into the overall quality of care. Acco rdingly, we pose the nurse staffing problem in terms of finding staffing levels that guarantee a bound on a specified probability of excessive delay [†¦]  staffing levels are set to prevent the assistance of patients in need from being delayed longer than a specified time constraint [†¦] (Vericourt and Jennings).It must not be forgotten that emergency rooms are assigned in a hospital in order to provide attention to emergency cases. If patients are made to wait for a long period of time before their ailment can be attended to, then the purpose for which emergency room exists is not being served.  The adverse effect of the delay caused by a decrease in patient to nurse ratio is not limited to having the patient wait for treatment that he or she needs.Ultimately, the health of the patient is adversely affected.  delaying certain procedures can endanger patient health. For instance, the medical guidelines for certain myocardial infarctions recommend the immediate admini stration of aspirin. Delays also give rise to unfinished tasks, either because nurses fail to remember them later or because they abandon them in order to take care of more urgent procedures.In emergency rooms situations, time is always of the essence. Hence, the waiting time of the patient must be lessened, if not absolutely eliminated. The mere fact that the patient sought help from the emergency room means that care and treatment must be urgently administered to him. Having the patient wait due to the limited number of nurses that are available in a given shift means that the patient has to bear with his ailment before he can be attended to. This is contrary to the purpose of emergency rooms.Secondly, the increase in the patient to nurse ratio will clearly eliminate medication errors inadvertently done by nurses. It must be admitted that the number of patients assigned to a nurse at one given time largely affects the performance of the nurse concerned. If patients, more than thos e which one nurse can handle, are assigned to a nurse, there will be difficulty in attending to all of said patients. This could lead to error in administering the proper treatment to be given to a certain patient. Regardless of the competence of the nurses in the hospital, the weight of their work load can actually influence the quality of service that they deliver to the patients.In instances which involved the decrease of the ratio between patient and nurse, medication errors have been made by nurses. The commission of said errors eventually led to complaints from patients due to faulty and low quality of service that has been provided to them. One article recounted that a report from the Department of Health of Massachusetts revealed that â€Å"medical errors and complaints at hospitals have increased by 76 percent in seven years† (Why The Staffing Ratio Law Is Needed†) due to understaffing of nurses in emergency rooms.Thus, it appears that decrease in the ratio bet ween nurse and patient could actually lead to endangering the health of patients. This could also blemish the character and reputation of hospitals in the community because instead of ensuring the health of the patients, they accomplish the opposite.Lastly, and more importantly, the ratio between patient and nurse affects the quality of service given to, and the mortality of patients seeking help from the emergency room. As mentioned earlier, the delay in receiving proper care and the great possibility of errors in medication could adversely affect the health of patients. This is the same reason why a lot of States have resorted to the promulgation of laws involving the fixing of the ratio between patients and clients in the hospital. This is to ensure quality of the care provided to the patients. As correctly pointed out by Vericourt and Jennings,The rationale for implementing these ratios stems from the association between nurse staffing level and patient safety. Research studies suggest a significant connection between nurse workload and clinical outcomes. For instance, Aiken et al. (2002) conclude that the addition of one surgical patient to nurse assignments results in a 7% increase in mortality rates. The purpose of the mandated nurse-to-patient ratios is to provide a consistently high level of patient safety throughout the state. Ostensibly, safety is partially attained through manageable workloads among those who actually provide health care services.If decrease in the ratio between nurses and patients is countenanced, then a lot of patients would suffer because they will not receive the urgent treatment that they need. There is a possibility that their injury or ailment could actually worsen due to errors in treatment or medication. So also, there is a chance that due to lack of timely and proper treatment, death could ensue.The Institute of Medicine of the National Academies of Science reports that â€Å"nurse staffing levels affect patient outcomes and safety.† Insufficient monitoring of patients, caused by poor working conditions and the assignment of too few RNs, increases the likelihood of patient deaths and injuries at a time when avoidable medical errors kill up to 98,000 people in U.S. hospitals every year (â€Å"Why The Staffing Ratio Law Is Needed†).This is, unquestionably, a serious issue that must be addressed. As mentioned above, the emergency room is a place where quick attention could be given to patients who are in need. There is a promise that ailments and injuries will be treated right away in order to save the patient. However, due to understaffing of nurses in emergency rooms, it appears that chances of death are even heightened.All the materials related to the issue at hand are in agreement that the fixing of the ratio between patients and nurses is an important issue that deserves attention. Not only does it affect the workload of the nurses, but ultimately, it affects the health and safety of the patients seeking help from the hospital. In a survey conducted, even the nurses themselves agree that understaffing is a serious problem encountered in most hospitals. â€Å"The survey data demonstrate that nurses view understaffing as a serious problem when it comes both to the quality of care that patients receive and to nurse burnout. For example, three in five (59%) hospital nurses say that the staffing level at their hospital is having a negative impact on the quality of care patients receive† (Hart, 2003).In conclusion, emergency rooms and nurses play an important role in the society when it comes to giving urgent care and treatment to patients seeking help. Mere assignment of nurses to emergency rooms is not sufficient. A sufficient number of nurses must be assigned to a certain shift in the emergency room in order to meet the demands of the people in need. Undeniably, nurses play different roles while they are at work.Its goal is to promote and preserve the healt h of populations and is directed to communities, groups, families and individuals across their life span in a continuous rather than episodic process. The role and activities include: care/service provider; educator; consultant; community developer; leader; enabler; advocate; communicator; resource manager/planner; coordinator; team member/collaborator; researcher/evaluator; social marketer; and policy formulator (Underwood, 2003).If said duties are expected of nurses, then it appears that said duties cannot be accomplished if only a few nurses are assigned in a certain shift.   Research proves that decrease in the ratio between nurses and patients affect adversely the performance of nurses. They commit errors in medication and are not able to provide proper care and treatment to all the patients assigned to them. On the other hand, increase in the ratio between nurses and patients ensure that only the best quality service and care will be given to the patient. Proper attention an d adequate attention is ensured because the nurse is able to focus on the patient. Ultimately, in increasing the ratio between nurses and patients, nurses are able to perform their duties efficiently, and the patients receive the care and attention that they deserve. Related article: â€Å"Ati RN Community Health Online Practice 2016 B†REFERENCEKaestner, R. (2006). Nurse-to-Patient Ratios. â€Å"What Happens In the Emergency Room?†. 2007. Nurse to patient ratio in emergency rooms The presence of emergency rooms in hospital provides the people with additional service especially in time of need. Emergency situations are given the attention they deserve and the people affected are extended prompt care and treatment in emergency rooms. â€Å"When you need help right away, the best place to go is the nearest hospital emergency room. Also called the ER, this place is open 24 hours a day. Nurses and doctors are there day and night to care for medical problems that need quick attention† (â€Å"What Happens In The Emergency Room†). The presence of doctors, nurses, and equipment are important factors in making the emergency room serve its purpose. Due to the number of emergency situations that occur on a daily basis however, said factors must be assessed in order to determine whether or not emergency rooms still provide ample assistance to people in a given community.One such factor of great importance is the number of nurses assigned to a shift in an eme rgency room. It is important to review how the number of nurses in an emergency room can affect the rendition of service to patients, and ultimately, how it affects mortality of patients in the hospital. Nurses are of value and importance inside the hospital. As correctly stated by Underwood,Nurses in the community are well prepared and well positioned to improve the health and well-being of people living in the community. The available evidence is convincing that nurses in the community have a positive impact on the health of individuals, families, and populations (2003).Admittedly, it is the doctor who orders what type of treatment and prescribes the necessary medication to a certain patient. However, it must be noted that without the nurse, the orders of the doctor will be put to naught since no one will be in charge in the execution of said orders. So also, the basic things preliminary to the treatment of the patient are usually done by the nurse. Thus, it necessary to analyze h ow understaffing of nurses in the emergency room could affect the services these nurses render to the patients who are urgently in need of help. Ultimately, it can be seen that the safety of the patients are dependent on the number of the nurses that are assigned to the emergency room in a given shift.The quality of the services provided and delivered by the nurses depends on the tasks assigned to them and to the number of patients they attend to. Based on studies conducted, increase in the ratio between patients and nurses are advantageous as regards the delivery of health care services to the patients. The opposite is not only disadvantageous to the interests of the patients, but rather, it could lead to deterioration of health or even death on the part of the patients. The staffing of nurses in emergency rooms is an important issue must be addressed. The patient and nurse ratio affects the work load of the nurse, medication errors, waiting time of patients, delivery of care and m ortality. Said issues must be address in order to ensure that emergency rooms are still effective venues for rendering treatment to emergency situations.Increase in the patient to nurse ratio would ensure better rendition of services to patients. Firstly, delays will be prevented by higher ratio between patents and nurses inside the emergency room. Clearly, there are instances where more patients need care and there are only a handful of nurses available at a given shift. In these cases, not all the patients will be attended to promptly. Some would have to wait because the nurses would have to focus on the other patients who are in need of more urgent care or treatment. The other patient, also needing emergency treatment, will necessarily have to wait.As aptly stated, excessive delays are akin to possible adverse events from the supply side (pressure experienced by the nurses) and from the demand side (waiting patients), both of which factor into the overall quality of care. Accordi ngly, we pose the nurse staffing problem in terms of finding staffing levels that guarantee a bound on a specified probability of excessive delay [†¦]  staffing levels are set to prevent the assistance of patients in need from being delayed longer than a specified time constraint [†¦] (Vericourt and Jennings).It must not be forgotten that emergency rooms are assigned in a hospital in order to provide attention to emergency cases. If patients are made to wait for a long period of time before their ailment can be attended to, then the purpose for which emergency room exists is not being served.The adverse effect of the delay caused by a decrease in patient to nurse ratio is not limited to having the patient wait for treatment that he or she needs. Ultimately, the health of the patient is adversely affected.  delaying certain procedures can endanger patient health. For instance, the medical guidelines for certain myocardial infarctions recommend the immediate administrati on of aspirin. Delays also give rise to unfinished tasks, either because nurses fail to remember them later or because they abandon them in order to take care of more urgent procedures.In emergency rooms situations, time is always of the essence. Hence, the waiting time of the patient must be lessened, if not absolutely eliminated. The mere fact that the patient sought help from the emergency room means that care and treatment must be urgently administered to him. Having the patient wait due to the limited number of nurses that are available in a given shift means that the patient has to bear with his ailment before he can be attended to. This is contrary to the purpose of emergency rooms.Secondly, the increase in the patient to nurse ratio will clearly eliminate medication errors inadvertently done by nurses. It must be admitted that the number of patients assigned to a nurse at one given time largely affects the performance of the nurse concerned. If patients, more than those whic h one nurse can handle, are assigned to a nurse, there will be difficulty in attending to all of said patients. This could lead to error in administering the proper treatment to be given to a certain patient. Regardless of the competence of the nurses in the hospital, the weight of their work load can actually influence the quality of service that they deliver to the patients.In instances which involved the decrease of the ratio between patient and nurse, medication errors have been made by nurses. The commission of said errors eventually led to complaints from patients due to faulty and low quality of service that has been provided to them. One article recounted that a report from the Department of Health of Massachusetts revealed that â€Å"medical errors and complaints at hospitals have increased by 76 percent in seven years† (Why The Staffing Ratio Law Is Needed†) due to understaffing of nurses in emergency rooms.   Thus, it appears that decrease in the ratio betw een nurse and patient could actually lead to endangering the health of patients. This could also blemish the character and reputation of hospitals in the community because instead of ensuring the health of the patients, they accomplish the opposite.Lastly, and more importantly, the ratio between patient and nurse affects the quality of service given to, and the mortality of patients seeking help from the emergency room. As mentioned earlier, the delay in receiving proper care and the great possibility of errors in medication could adversely affect the health of patients. This is the same reason why a lot of States have resorted to the promulgation of laws involving the fixing of the ratio between patients and clients in the hospital. This is to ensure quality of the care provided to the patients. As correctly pointed out by Vericourt and Jennings,The rationale for implementing these ratios stems from the association between nurse staffing level and patient safety. Research studies s uggest a significant connection between nurse workload and clinical outcomes. For instance, Aiken et al. (2002) conclude that the addition of one surgical patient to nurse assignments results in a 7% increase in mortality rates. The purpose of the mandated nurse-to-patient ratios is to provide a consistently high level of patient safety throughout the state. Ostensibly, safety is partially attained through manageable workloads among those who actually provide health care services.If decrease in the ratio between nurses and patients is countenanced, then a lot of patients would suffer because they will not receive the urgent treatment that they need. There is a possibility that their injury or ailment could actually worsen due to errors in treatment or medication. So also, there is a chance that due to lack of timely and proper treatment, death could ensue.The Institute of Medicine of the National Academies of Science reports that â€Å"nurse staffing levels affect patient outcomes and safety.† Insufficient monitoring of patients, caused by poor working conditions and the assignment of too few RNs, increases the likelihood of patient deaths and injuries at a time when avoidable medical errors kill up to 98,000 people in U.S. hospitals every year (â€Å"Why The Staffing Ratio Law Is Needed†).This is, unquestionably, a serious issue that must be addressed. As mentioned above, the emergency room is a place where quick attention could be given to patients who are in need. There is a promise that ailments and injuries will be treated right away in order to save the patient. However, due to understaffing of nurses in emergency rooms, it appears that chances of death are even heightened.All the materials related to the issue at hand are in agreement that the fixing of the ratio between patients and nurses is an important issue that deserves attention. Not only does it affect the workload of the nurses, but ultimately, it affects the health and safety of the patients seeking help from the hospital. In a survey conducted, even the nurses themselves agree that understaffing is a serious problem encountered in most hospitals. â€Å"The survey data demonstrate that nurses view understaffing as a serious problem when it comes both to the quality of care that patients receive and to nurse burnout. For example, three in five (59%) hospital nurses say that the staffing level at their hospital is having a negative impact on the quality of care patients receive† (Hart, 2003).In conclusion, emergency rooms and nurses play an important role in the society when it comes to giving urgent care and treatment to patients seeking help. Mere assignment of nurses to emergency rooms is not sufficient. A sufficient number of nurses must be assigned to a certain shift in the emergency room in order to meet the demands of the people in need. Undeniably, nurses play different roles while they are at work.Its goal is to promote and preserve the health of populations and is directed to communities, groups, families and individuals across their life span in a continuous rather than episodic process. The role and activities include: care/service provider; educator; consultant; community developer; leader; enabler; advocate; communicator; resource manager/planner; coordinator; team member/collaborator; researcher/evaluator; social marketer; and policy formulator (Underwood, 2003).If said duties are expected of nurses, then it appears that said duties cannot be accomplished if only a few nurses are assigned in a certain shift.   Research proves that decrease in the ratio between nurses and patients affect adversely the performance of nurses. They commit errors in medication and are not able to provide proper care and treatment to all the patients assigned to them. On the other hand, increase in the ratio between nurses and patients ensure that only the best quality service and care will be given to the patient. Proper attention and adequate attention is ensured because the nurse is able to focus on the patient. Ultimately, in increasing the ratio between nurses and patients, nurses are able to perform their duties efficiently, and the patients receive the care and attention that they deserve.REFERENCEHart, P. (2003). Patient-To-Nurse Staffing Ratios: Perspectives From Hospital Nurses. AFT Healthcare. Kaestner, R. (2006). Nurse-to-Patient Ratios. Tone, B. (1999). Nurse-patient ratios, professionalism and safety. Vericourt and Jennings. Nurse To Patient Rations in Hospital Staffing: a Queuing Perspective. http://faculty.fuqua.duke.edu/~fdv1/bio/ratios3.pdfUnderwood, J. (2003). Value of Nurses In the Community. Canadian Nurses Association, â€Å"What Happens In the Emergency Room?†. 2007. â€Å"Why The Staffing Ration Law Is Needed†. 2005.

The Symbiotic Relationships between Microbial Organisms and Plants

The Symbiotic Relationships between Microbial Organisms and Plants | With Concentrations in Rhizobium & A ; Mycorrhiza Introduction– There are many capturing microbic beings that spend a important part of their life rhythm shacking in the dirt profiles. These beings include roundworms, Protozoa, Fungis, bacteriums and different arthropods. Together they play critical functions in act uponing dirt features and keeping healthy dirt profiles. In our instance, we will be chiefly concentrating on Fungis and bacteriums. Fungi and bacteriums are really normally found inside the dirt and they have huge impact on dirt birthrate and works growing. It is instead challenging to analyze their interactions with workss and their single maps. The intent of this research paper is to derive a deeper comprehension of their perplexing relationship with workss ; and most significantly, to carry through my intense wonder of why such symbioses are so indispensable to the well-being of our assorted ecosystems and even for us worlds? Plant Foods– The three primary foods workss reliant to a great extent on are nitrogen, P, and K. Since we will be extensively analyzing the functions of bacteriums and Fungis, thereby we are more concerned with N and P. So so, why do workss necessitate those foods? Nitrogen is one of the indispensable chemical elements workss needed for growing and reproduction. It is a constituent of chlorophyll and thereby critical for photosynthesis. It is besides a major constituent of amino acids, the edifice blocks for proteins ; and without proteins, workss would shrivel and decease ( U.S. Department of Agriculture, 2015 ) . In add-on, some of the proteins act as structural units in works cells while others act as enzymes, doing possible many of the biochemical reactions on which life is based. Nitrogen is besides a constituent of energy-transfer compounds, such as adenosine triphosphate, known as ATP. ATP grants cells the ability to conserve and utilize energy released in metamorphosis. Nitrogen is besides a important constituent of nucleic acids such as Deoxyribonucleic Acid, known as Deoxyribonucleic acid, the familial stuff that allows cells to turn and reproduce. Phosphorous is another critical food both as portion of several cardinal works construction compounds and as a contact action in the transition of legion cardinal biochemical reactions in workss. Phosphorous is notably responsible for its function in capturing and change overing sun’s energy into utile works compounds. Like N, P is a critical constituent of DNA. It is a constituent of RNA, the compound that reads the DNA familial codification to construct proteins and other compounds indispensable for works construction, seed output and familial transportation. The construction of both DNA and RNA are linked together by P bonds. Another similar belongings that phosphorus portions with Nitrogen is that it is besides critical constituent of ATP. ATP signifiers during photosynthesis, and uses P within its construction, and it processes from the beginning of seedling growing through to the formation of grain and adulthood ( U.S Department of Agriculture, 2015 ) . Therefore, both N and phosphoric are indispensable elements needed for the general wellness and energy of all workss, they help to increase chaff and root strength, better flower formation and seed production and support plants’ development throughout their full life rhythm. Without neither N nor phosphoric, there would be no life on Earth as we know it. Nitrogen Fixing Bacteria Analysis –Rhizobium As mentioned above, N is an indispensable food for workss as it is portion of their nucleic acids and proteins. Nitrogen can be in many signifiers, such as Nitrogen Gas, Ammonia, Nitrate, Nitrite, Ammonium and Nitrous Oxide. Dinitrogen or N gas is really abundant and makes up 78 per centum of our ambiance. Unfortunately, workss are unable to utilize them straight because they lack the necessary enzymes to change over the gas into biologically utile signifiers. The job here is that N gas is non really reactive ; it will barely interact with other chemicals to make new compounds ( Brady & A ; Weil, 2010 ) . However, there is a manner to repair the unserviceable signifier through either chemical or biological procedures ; and the repair procedure itself is called nitrogen arrested development. The nitrogen arrested development procedures will interrupt down the ternary bond that held the N atoms together and liberate them up for transmutation. The atoms can so be integrated with other e lements to organize ammonium hydroxide, ammonium or N dioxides. Now we introduce the construct of biological N arrested development. It was foremost discovered by German agronomist Hermann Hellriegel and Dutch microbiologist Martinus Beijerinck. Biological N arrested development is the procedure of transition of atmospheric N into ammonium hydroxide by beings through an enzyme called nitrogenase ( Peters, Fisher & A ; Dean 1995 ) . Within the nitrogenase, there are two important protein composites that are responsible for the decrease of N gas, viz. Fe-protein & A ; MoFe-protein. The reductive reaction can be expressed by the equationN2 + 8H+ +8e- + 16 ATPi?2NH3 + H2 + 16ADP + 16Pi. Think of the Fe-protein composite as a power house and the MoFe-protein composite as a mill. A mill requires energy to bring forth merchandises, and that is when the power house stairss in to run into the demand. Fe-protein ( the power house ) receives elections ( energy ) from a flavedoxin ( an negatron reassigning protein, in this instance, think of it as a air curr ent turbine ) and transfers them further to the MoFe-protein ( the mill ) . The negatron transferring is made possible by the coincident hydrolysis of ATP to ADP & A ; Pi, where more energy is produced to back up the transit of negatrons. MoFe-protein so takes the negatrons, atmospheric N gas, and H converts them into ammonium hydroxide along with a remnant H molecule. It is of import to observe that enzymes within nitrogenase can be destroyed by free O molecules. Thereby, organisms that fix N must guarantee the enzymes do non acquire exposed to oxygen ( Brady & A ; Weil 2010 ) . The being that fix N are a type of dirt bacteriums and they are jointly called Rhizobium. In order to protect nitrogenase, they form this intricate symbiotic relationship with leguminous workss, such as soya beans. They begin by infecting the plants’ root hairs and the cortical cells ; it leads the formation of root nodules that serve as the safe oasis for nitrogen arrested development ( Long, 2004 ) . The procedure in which the nodules signifier is really absorbing. The plants’ root hairs release certain chemical signals to pull rhizobia bacteriums that are present in the dirt. Rhizobia enter the root and get down to proliferate and do an infection yarn to organize. The infection yarn will so turn into the cerebral mantle of the root. When the infection yarn has reached far plenty into the plants’ root, it will let go of bacterial cells, which become bacteroids in root cells. Nod factors from the bacteriums will do cortical cells to split and take to the eventual formation of nodules. It is curiously interesting that the plants’ immune system is digesting the infection ; alternatively of killing the bacteroids, they keep them within their cells. When Rhizobium are inside the nodules, they do non hold to cover with free O molecules and now can safely utilize nitrogenase to cut down atmospheric N to ammonium hydroxide. Through this symbiotic relationship, the host workss gain benefits from utilizing an eternal beginning of N from the ambiance that are now in a more biological useable signifier. In return, rhizobia receive saccharides generated through photosynthesis for energy ( since it takes energy to execute the transition ) , every bit good as a protected shelter in which for them to populate and turn ( Brady & A ; Weil, 2010 ) . Plants are now able to use the ammonium hydroxide ensuing from bacterial N arrested development for growing. The compound is transported into works tissues and is so incorporated into aminic acids, which are so made into works pr oteins. For cases, soya beans and peanuts produced by leguminous plant workss contain extraordinary high degrees of protein and are among the most of import agricultural beginnings of protein in the universe. The curious mutualism between legume workss and Rhizobium illustrate the manner they help to prolong each other’s lives. Consequently, it is besides assisting us worlds to prolong our lives. In fact, our well-being is to a great extent dependent upon this important and yet low-cost beginning of protein. We consume them as portion of our basic diet and we use them as animate being provenders. Farmers, they take the advantage of this mutualism and utilize it to fertilise their harvest land through harvest rotary motion – for case, they use soya beans and other leguminous plant workss in rotary motions with grass harvests such as maize or wheat to straight shoot biological useable N back to the dirt ( U.S. Department of Agriculture’s, 2015 ) . Nitrogen arrested development procedure besides at the same time contributes to dirty birthrate because the works roots leaves behind some of the biologically available N. Rhizobium is a natural and environmentally friendly ma nner to fertilise workss as oppose to chemical fertilisation that use a non-renewable resources, such as natural gas. Taken together, who would hold of all time thought that such elusive relationship between workss and bacteriums can hold such an tremendous consequence on all the species’ endurance. Alimentary Delivering Fungi Analysis – Mycorrhiza As antecedently stated, phosphoric is one the most indispensable foods for many life beings, particularly for workss. Plants must utilize phosphoric for normal growing and adulthood. The component plays a immense function in photosynthesis, energy storage and transportation, cell division and many of import procedures in workss. Without phosphoric, a works would non even be able to finish its normal production rhythm. Soil phosphoric is classified into two groups, organic and inorganic. Organic phosphoric can be found in works residues and manures. Inorganic P consists of apatite ( a group of phosphate minerals and original beginning of all phosphoric ) and composites of Fe and aluminium phosphates and P absorbed onto clay atoms. The job associated with phosphoric and its relevant compounds are their solubility. The solubility of both organic and inorganic P is highly low and merely a really little fraction of dirt P is present in solution at any one clip. To give a position, most dirts contain less than a lb per acre of soluble P and with some dirt incorporating even less ( Ingham, Trofymow, & A ; Coleman, 1985 ) . Since there will be really small P in dirt solution and most of them being stuck onto clay atoms due to molecular attractive forces, it would be rather hard for workss to seek for and intake P. However, merely because workss themselves are unable to obtain the foods they need, it does non intend they can non inquire for aid from other being ; for cases, mycorrhizal Fungis. First and first, it is of import to understand what Fungi are and how do mycorrhizal fungi differentiate themselves from their sort. Fungi are primary beings that can non synthesise their ain nutrient and are really dependent on complex organic substances for C. There are three functional groups of Fungis, decomposers, pathogens, and mutualists. First, we have decomposers or saprophytic Fungis ; they are an of import portion of our ecosystems and play a necessary function in immobilising and retaining foods in the dirt by devouring foods in organic affair. They are capable of degrading cellulose, proteins and lignin, some of which are extremely immune to breakdown ( Smith & A ; Read, 2008 ) . They can change over dead organic affair into their ain fungous organic structures, C dioxide and organic acids. They are besides indispensable for the decomposition of difficult woody organic affair. Through decomposition, they help to supply a fresh beginning of indispensable foods for new coevalss of life. Second, we have infective Fungis, such as Verticillium, Phytophthora and Pythium ; they are really rather damaging to the wellness of workss. Those beings will perforate the works and break up the life tissue, doing the works to be weakened and alimentary deficient or even decease ( Smith & A ; Read, 2008 ) . Last, we have mutualistic Fungis that form reciprocally good relationships with workss. Mycorrhizal Fungis are possibly the most well-known amongst mutualists. There are four groups of mycorrhizal Fungis, arbuscular, ectomycorrhizal, ericoid and orchid ( Smith & A ; Read, 2008 ) . Our chief focal point will be on arbuscular mycorrhizae, they are the most common signifier of mycorrhiza, particularly in agricultural works associations. This fungus has arbuscules which are growing formed inside the works root and have many little projections traveling inside the plants’ cells. Arbuscules are believed to be the major site where the C and alimentary exchange between works and fungus occurs. It is named so due to their â€Å"tree-like† construction, arbuscules are created by perennial ramification of hyphae once they enter a cell within a works root. Fungus kingdoms are heterotrophic beings, intending they must absorb their nutrient. They have the capableness of absorbing elements such as P and N which are indispensable for life. Plants are autophytic ; they produce their ain nutrient in the signifier of saccharides through the procedure of photosynthesis. It is of import to observe that plants’ roots frequently have trouble obtaining and absorbing Ps due to the element’s stationariness and unsolvability inside the dirt. However, arbuscular mycorrhizae can assist workss to widen the volume of dirt explored through their hyphae. Mycorrhizal Fungis are characterized by those really thin hyphae, which are between 1 and 10 thousandths of a millimetre in breadth. Impressively, up to 5 metres of populating hyphae can be extracted from 1 gm of dirt. These hyphae explore the dirt expansively and intercept phosphoric compounds, it would so bring forth enzymes to solubilize P from inorganic stone, absorb the food, and transpo rt them back to the host-plant ( Baum & A ; Gruda 2012 ) . The hyphae would organize webs between neighbouring dirt atoms, between roots and dirt atoms or even between roots of different workss. And since they are arbuscular mycorrhizae, they besides form webs inside the roots they colonize. These intricate webs of hyphae are normally referred to as mycelium. In this instance, both workss and fungus depend on the symbiotic relationship to develop and last. At the terminal, they both benefit from each other. Mycorrhiza fungi usage mycelium to happen phosphoric and transport it back to the host works. In exchange, the Fungis receive saccharides as a signifier of payment for assisting the workss ( Brady & A ; Weil, 2010 ) . In add-on, mycorrhizal associations may besides assist to cut down onslaught from root pathogens through the secernment of bacteriums killing enzymes and antibiotics ( Lugtenberg & A ; Bennet, 1991 ) . It is undeniable that mycorrhizae play an huge function in sustainable works productiveness and care of dirt construction. Furthermore, it is estimated that about 90 % of all vascular land workss ( land workss that have lignified tissues, the xylem, for carry oning H2O and minerals throughout the works organic structure ) live in some association with mycorrhizal Fungis. Mycorrhizal associations are besides seen in dodo rec ord and are believed to be one of the lending factors that allowed early land workss to suppress the land around 450 million old ages ago. The symbioses between workss and mycorrhizae affect our ecological procedure in many intricate and elusive ways. And knowledge refering mycorrhizal Fungi has well helped us to progress in engineering that made possible the production of microbic inoculums. Those inoculums act as bio-fertilizers which significantly improved the endurance, growing and constitution of trees and harvests ( Baum & A ; Gruda, 2012 ) . We are able to bask the shadiness of oaks, decorate Christmas trees, and eat delightful blueberries all thanks to the benefits from the concealed universe of mycorrhizal Fungis, a universe that helps to prolong the endurance of about all of the earth’s land workss. Decision– Symbiosis is a alone relationship exhibited between two beings where they live together in a close association. The two beings would work together and exchange foods to guarantee each individual’s endurance. The mutualism between legume workss and Rhizobium provide us humans a important and yet low-cost beginning of protein. The mutualism between vascular workss and mycorrhizae has a enormous impact on the well-being of many ecological procedures due to the fact it supports the endurance of the earth’s huge land workss. We are able to bask many things in our life all thanks to symbiotic relationship amongst these microbic beings. I personally feel that many of us have gotten so busy with carry throughing our wonder towards outer infinite that we have forgotten to appreciate what are concealed underneath the land. Another philosophical takeout from composing this research paper is that I have learned the value of mutuality. None of us are born perfect, a nd it might be better if we can swear and trust on one another in society for endurance and to boom as people. For case, if I’m inadequate at making certain things, I can possibly inquire my friend to assist me out, and in exchange I can assist him or her with something that she is non good at. Therefore, I believe that by working together hand in glove and collaboratively, we can optimise our consequences and accomplish astonishing things that we otherwise would non be able to accomplish by ourselves entirely. Mentions Baum C. , EL-Tohamy W. & A ; Gruda N. ( 2012 ) . Increasing the productiveness and merchandise quality of vegetable harvests utilizing arbuscular mycorrhizal Fungi.Scientia Horticulturae,187, 131 – 141. Brady N. C. & A ; Weil R. R. ( 2010 ) .Elementss of the Nature and Properties of Soils, Third Edition. Upper Saddle River, NJ: Pearson Prentice Hall. Ingham R. E. , Trofymow J.A. , Ingham E.R. & A ; Coleman D.C. ( 1985 ) . Interactions of Bacteria, Fungi, and their Nematode Grazers: Effectss on Nutrient Cycling and Plant Growth.Ecological Monographs,55,( 1 ) , 119-140. Lugtenberg J.J. B. , Weger A.L. & A ; Bennett J.W. ( 1991 ) . Microbial stimulation of works growing and protection from disease.Current Opinion in Biotechnology, 2, ( 3 ) , 457 – 464. Long R. S. ( 2004 ) . Rhizobium-legume nodulation: Life together in the resistance.Cell,56, ( 2 ) , 203-214. Peters J.W. , Fisher K. & A ; Dean D.R ( 1995 ) . Nitrogenase construction and map: a biochemical-genetic position.Annual Review of Microbiology, 49, 335-366. Smith S. E. , & A ; Read D. J ( 2008 ) .Mycorrhizal Symbiosis, Third Edition. San Diego, CA: Academic Press. U.S. Department of Agriculture’s ( 2015 ) .The Soil Phosphorous Problem. Retrieved from hypertext transfer protocol: //passel.unl.edu/pages/informationmodule.php? idinformationmodule=1130447043 & A ; topicorder=3 & A ; maxto=15 & A ; minto=1 U.S. Department of Agriculture’s ( 2015 ) .Nitrogen as a Food. Retrieved from hypertext transfer protocol: //passel.unl.edu/pages/informationmodule.php? idinformationmodule=1130447042 & A ; topicorder=2 & A ; maxto=8

Free Essays on Wuthering Heights Essay On Change

Twenty questions. I’m thinking of a word that is deceiving because it contradicts it’s own meaning. Change. Heraclitus once said, â€Å"Nothing is permanent but change.† If choosing to change oneself a person is choosing to change their destiny, and that option is always present. In the novel Wuthering Heights, Emily Brontà « presents life as a process of change, and demonstrates it through a relationship in which change took place and there were pleasant results, and the parallel relationship based upon refusal to change and it’s faulty outcome. A similar theme is present in the novel Things Fall Apart by Chinua Achebe, however instead of relationships, it deals with the introduction of new ideas or situations that are either accepted and dealt with, or rejected. The reason for lack of change in both novels was fear, pride, and reluctance to let go of the past. The young Catherine of Wuthering Heights had utter contempt for Hareton Earnshaw initially because he was virtually illiterate and savage. Over time however, the two became close friends and lovers, all as a result of Hareton’s willingness to learn to read and become a gentleman, and Catherine’s willingness to disregard her arrogance and teach him. A direct quote representing the change that took place in Catherine is, â€Å"and I was miserable and bitter at everybody; but, now I thank you, and beg you to forgive me, what can I do besides?† (Pg. 322) One night they were each calling the other a witch or a dog, and the next they were sitting comfortably in front of the fire reading together. By the conclusion of the book they were engaged. It is plain to see what fortune the readiness to change brought upon Catherine and Hareton. At one point in Things Fall Apart, the main character Okonkwo and his family were exiled to spend 7 years in another village. This took a great deal of change for the family, and they chose to make the best of the situation at hand. This earned ... Free Essays on Wuthering Heights Essay On Change Free Essays on Wuthering Heights Essay On Change Twenty questions. I’m thinking of a word that is deceiving because it contradicts it’s own meaning. Change. Heraclitus once said, â€Å"Nothing is permanent but change.† If choosing to change oneself a person is choosing to change their destiny, and that option is always present. In the novel Wuthering Heights, Emily Brontà « presents life as a process of change, and demonstrates it through a relationship in which change took place and there were pleasant results, and the parallel relationship based upon refusal to change and it’s faulty outcome. A similar theme is present in the novel Things Fall Apart by Chinua Achebe, however instead of relationships, it deals with the introduction of new ideas or situations that are either accepted and dealt with, or rejected. The reason for lack of change in both novels was fear, pride, and reluctance to let go of the past. The young Catherine of Wuthering Heights had utter contempt for Hareton Earnshaw initially because he was virtually illiterate and savage. Over time however, the two became close friends and lovers, all as a result of Hareton’s willingness to learn to read and become a gentleman, and Catherine’s willingness to disregard her arrogance and teach him. A direct quote representing the change that took place in Catherine is, â€Å"and I was miserable and bitter at everybody; but, now I thank you, and beg you to forgive me, what can I do besides?† (Pg. 322) One night they were each calling the other a witch or a dog, and the next they were sitting comfortably in front of the fire reading together. By the conclusion of the book they were engaged. It is plain to see what fortune the readiness to change brought upon Catherine and Hareton. At one point in Things Fall Apart, the main character Okonkwo and his family were exiled to spend 7 years in another village. This took a great deal of change for the family, and they chose to make the best of the situation at hand. This earned ...

The 4 Stages of the Ladybug Life Cycle

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Sexism in Popular Culture Dissertation Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3000 words

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