The Great Flood, The Epic Of Gilgamesh - 3526 Words

Since the beginning of time, flooding has been and always will be a worldwide epidemic. Credited to mankind’s science and technological advances, the human race has acquired knowledge concerning flood occurrences; substantiating deluges are due to weather and climate changes. Excessive rainfall and winds, brought on by hurricanes or storms, can cause rivers, lakes, and the sea to overflow onto land. Despite the fact that floods are caused by natural disasters, great flood stories such as Noah’s Ark, The Epic of Gilgamesh, The Great Flood the story from the Quran, are a common archetype in many cultures. These great floods were brought to the earth, causing the destruction of mankind, teaching lessons in humanity. There are many similarities regarding the great flood stories chronicled by the diverse cultures of ancient times: most share a common theme. Beginning with the creation of humans followed by mankind’s disturbances, loss of morality, or religion, which a ngers the god or gods. Due to mankind’s wrongdoings a warning ensues, either directly or indirectly to a righteous individual by a god. This chosen one by virtue ordinarily a male, is ordered to build a boat or vessel and carry aboard all species of plants and animals as well as his loved ones for his salvation. Inevitably, mankind continues their transgressions and flooding is unleashed, consequently resulting in their destruction. Human beings are essentially wiped out, ensuring only the righteous survive. TheShow MoreRelated Two Great Floods - The Bible and Epic of Gilgamesh Essay776 Words   |  4 PagesTwo Great Floods In both the Bible and the Epic of Gilgamesh the God or Gods create a flood to destroy mankind. In Gilgamesh,the Gods decide something needs to be done because the humans are being loud and disturbing the Gods. In the Bibles version of the flood story, God regrets creating mankind because the humans have become evil God chooses Noah and his family to start a new beginning. In the Bible God becomes regretful of creating mankind because he sees that they are wicked and theyRead More Comparing the Great Flood in Epic of Gilgamesh and the Biblical story of Noah’s Ark1162 Words   |  5 PagesComparing the Great Flood in Epic of Gilgamesh and the Biblical story of Noah’s Ark Many of the same ancient stories can be found in different cultures. Each story differs in a small way, but the general idea remains synonymous. One story that is paralleled in several cultures is the legend of a great flood. The epic of Gilgamesh resembles the Bible’s story of Noah’s Ark, but specific details differ in several aspects.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The story of Gilgamesh originates from twelve fire-hardened,Read MoreComparing Genesis And The Epic Of Gilgamesh940 Words   |  4 PagesWhile Genesis in the bible and The Epic of Gilgamesh have striking similarities in the sense of creation and the great flood, the interactions between the divine beings and humans differ greatly. One matter that impacts the entire relationship between gods and humans in both accounts is that the gods in the epic are not almighty beings like God in Genesis since they cannot control each other’s domain. Because of this, they must travel from place to place and work with other gods to carry out a certainRead MoreGilgamesh VS â€Å"Genesis†: Noah and the Flood1121 Words   |  5 Pagesâ€Å"Religion is about turning untested belief into unshakable truth through the power of institutions and the passage of time- Richard Dawkins†. We all know the breath taking story of the Genesis flood, but have we ever noticed how similar it is to the Epic of Gilgamesh. Genesis is the story of how one God created mankind, along with everything else on Earth, and what punishments he put upon them when they acted wrong .Genesis is a chapter in the Holy Bible, which was written in the 18th century B.CRead MoreComparing Genesis And The Epic Of Gilgamesh945 Words   |  4 PagesWhile the book of Genesis in the bible and The Epic of Gilgamesh have striking similarities in the sense of creation and the great flood, the interactions between the divine beings and humans differ greatly. One matter that impacts the entire relationship between gods and humans in both accounts is that the gods in the epic are not almighty beings like God in Genesis since they cannot control each other’s domains. Because of this, they must travel from place to place and work with other gods to carryRead MoreLeadership And The Tao Of The Epic Of Gilgamesh1665 Words   |  7 PagesÚta-napà ­shti is the greatest example of Le adership and the Tao in the Epic of Gilgà ¡mesh. This essay will demonstrate what good leadership is versus bad. This essay will compare the leadership styles of Úta-napà ­shti who saved humanity from the great flood, Gilgà ¡mesh, king of the city of Úruk. This essay will also define leadership, the way of the Tao. Lastly this Essay will show how Úta-napà ­shti s leadership compared to other leaders in the epic and summarize all the key points of the Essay. â€Å"The Immortal†Read MoreGilgamesh Flood Comparison Essay823 Words   |  4 PagesComparison and Contrast of Hebrew and Mesopotamian Flood Stories Both the story of â€Å"Noah and the Flood† in the book of Genesis in The Hebrew Bible and the flood story in The Epic of Gilgamesh detail a grand flood in which a man saved life from extinction by building an ark, earning fame and immortality in some form. The theme of completing this grand task for a moral purpose holds true to both stories, but the depiction and actions of the divine and mortal characters in the stories contain differentRead MoreComparing The Epic Of Gilgamesh1476 Words   |  6 PagesThe Epic of Gilgamesh is a Sumerian epic of the great king Gilgamesh and his deeds on Earth in ancient mesopotamia and in the city of Uruk. It is an important historical text because it is one of the oldest western epics and because it explains much about how the ancient Sumerians viewed the Gods (Mark). The epic contains the tells of Gilgamesh, Enkidu, Utnapishtim, and many Gods and Goddesses of ancient Sumeria specifically Ishtar, the Goddess of love. In the tale Gilgamesh is created by the GodsRead MoreFlood, Atrahasis Flood And The Epic Of Gilgamesh Flood1354 Words   |  6 PagesThroughout the Genesis Flood, Atrahasis Flood and the Epic of Gilgamesh flood, there are many different ways to interpret the different views of The Flood. These different narratives in these stories have their own explanation on how this myth took place and the different beliefs that occurred during this flood. The way you portray each narrative is based on what exactly your beliefs are. When comparing the Genesis Flood narrative to that of the Gilgamesh Flood narrative, there are many similarRead MoreGilgamesh : The Epic Of Gilgamesh1238 Words   |  5 Pagesfascinating pieces of literature, The Epic of Gilgamesh, deals with and explores many of the problems humans have wrestled with for thousands of years. Even though the text does not explicitly answer any of the questions it poses, it gives clues that point to the answers. One of these questions, the dilemma of whether to act based solely on a person’s intuition or act based on reason and advice, occurs regularly in the text. Throughout The Epic of Gilgamesh, characters have success and failure when

The Movement Of The 18th And 17th Century Essay - 1526 Words

Throughout history, hundreds of poets have come to the forefront to showcase their depth in poetic expression. Of interest is the variability in poetic expression that entices you to want to step into the mind of a poet and make connections between poetic periods to understand a poet’s influencers. The need to be in a poet’s zone invariably sets you inside a poetic movement or community. Major poetic movements include Greek Poetry Schools (6th century BC), Provencal literature (11th-12th century), Silican court poets (mid 13th to early 14th centuries), Elizabeth and Romantican poets (late 16th- 17th century), American Transcendentalists, Paris expatriate (Surrealist) and Beat poets (20th Century). These movements have been fundamental to change the course of poetry in and out of their eras. This essay will be a critical literature review of the movement in the 16th and 17th century, the period after the Italian Renaissance waned. The essay will look into the hallmarks of this period; Sonnets and their incredible movement into Europe. The essay will underscore that indeed poets are not solitary, hermetic personalities but are an expression of the communities. The prominent literary work in this period is an array of love traditions that had previously existed as independent practices in many centuries and across multiple nations and languages. William Shakespeare is the author of 154 Sonnets all of which form some of the most romantic poems in the history of the EnglishShow MoreRelatedHistorical And Scholarly Movement Of The 18th And 17th Century933 Words   |  4 PagesIn the 16th and 17th century many great unknown and known artist have made many works of art that can still be seen today. During the 16th century, the renaissance was a cultural and scholarly movement t hat started out in Italy during the middle ages and later spreading across Europe. Some artists from this era include Michelangelo, Leonardo Di Vinci, and Raphael. During the early 17th century the Baroque Period changed the way artist make their works. Baroque artwork is mainly a change in paintingsRead MoreEssay about The Atlantic System1040 Words   |  5 PagesOverview How did the Atlantic System affect Europe, Africa, and the Americas? (The Earth and Its Peoples, 500) The movement of goods, people, and wealth in the late 17th and 18th centuries permanently changed societies across the continents of Europe, Africa, and North and South America, thereby increasing the reach of globalization in the modern age. Most influential to this movement was what is sometimes referred to as â€Å"The Atlantic Circuit†, a triangle of trade between Western Europe, western AfricaRead MoreThe Impact Of Coffeehouse Culture On The Development Of These Concepts890 Words   |  4 PagesFrom the early sixteenth century to the Industrial Revolution, coffee-houses spread from the Middle East throughout Europe and grew into important political, economic, and social institutions. This paper will be about the role that coffeehouses played in developing and promoting these concepts and compare the ways in which they gave rise to organizations such as the London Stock Exchange and Lloyd’s of London. This paper pays specific attention to the impact of coffeehous e culture on the developmentRead MoreThe Classical Style Of The Ancient Greece And The United States1141 Words   |  5 PagesNeo- Classicism in France and the United States The classical style of the ancient Athens, derived from Ancient Greece and Ancient Rome in the 15th century, has had a universal impact on many cultures during previous time periods. The classical period reflected traditional forms focused on symmetry and elegance; it flourished during the time of the Renaissance through artist such as Michelangelo, Raphael, and Leonardo De Vinci. The artists’ main goal was to attain the absolute beauty in their artRead MoreThe 18th Century Enlightenment1487 Words   |  6 Pages Upon analyzing the contemporaries of the 18th century enlightenment period, it is important to note that the idea of â€Å"change† caused unease and anxiety to settle in. The enlightenment was a European philosophical movement led by philosophers, Kant, Voltaire, Rousseau, Hobbes, and Locke. These thinkers began to question the way of life in the contemporary world and discussed the potential of â€Å"man†. Immanuel Kant hypothesized that man is imma ture and has yet to find his true potential. QuestioningRead MoreSociology1259 Words   |  6 Pageshinted at the clash of cultures and social hierarchy. Later, in the 14th century, Arab scholars such as Al Jahiz and Ibn Khalduns compliled books on the history of society itself. These works are known to be forerunners of sociology. In fact, books written by Ibn Khaldun on social cohesion and conflict were translated into Latin in the 15th century. However, Sociology as a discipline has only been around since the late 17th century. Sociology then was very much the product of a rapidly changing worldRead MoreThe French Revolution And The Enlightenment1471 Words   |  6 Pageshistory, the 18th century marks a change in time. The age old traditions of the Ancient Regime and Catholic Church will see a shift in power. Power now in the hands of the people. Through bloodshed, the radical actions of the French Revolution sparked by philosophies of Enlightenment, will impact the future. Historical figures such as Robespierre heading the Great Assembly will drive change in culture through the revolution, in hopes of achieving enlightened societies. The 18th century marks the beginningRead MoreThe Renaissance And The Enlightenment757 Words   |  4 PagesAnthony Pagden, Professor of Political Science and History, University of California and Andrew George Lehmann previously Emeritus Professor Buckingham University. The Renaissance is recognised as the period between the fourteenth and sixteenth centuries that gave significant contributions to the arts, architecture and engineering, as well as philosophy and astronomy. Also, there was an increase in the development of intellectual thought in politics and consideration of the natural world. The worldviewRead MoreSlavery Is A Big Factor Of Our Nation Becoming As Powerful1444 Words   |  6 Pagesbecoming as powerful as it is today, why we needed it in the 1800’s and 1900’s, and why it was such a bad thing to do. slavery continued to influence American history, from the tumultuous years of reconstruction from 1865-1877 to the civil rights movement that emergedâ€Å"Slavery is theft -- theft of a life, theft of work, theft of any property or produce, theft even of the children a slave might have borne.† - KEVIN BALES, Understanding Global Slavery Slavery is defined as a state of being a slave andRead MoreEssay on Prohibition: A Call For Reformation928 Words   |  4 PagesDuring the late eighteenth century, reformers and politics debated the sale of alcohol for many reasons. Issues such as prohibition caused many individuals to engage in politics and propaganda sometimes took the focus off the real problems. President Cleveland won the election in 1884 for the Republican Party, it was said to have been because of a quote by a Republican clergyman. Directed primarily toward Democrats, it labeled them the party of â€Å"rum, Romanism, and rebellion.† In 1850 annual consumption

Personality and Ethics Essay Sample free essay sample

1. Introduction. Our personality is what makes who we are. what we do. who we interact with and how we live our life. It is a critical facet that drives most of the determinations and picks an single makes in his lifetime. and throughout this lifetime. the individual’s personality are tempered by external factors. In malice of all that. the nature of an individual’s personality still commands a grade of stableness across clip and state of affairss as they grow from childhood to old age. And every individual’s personality begins the minute they are capable of comprehending the universe. The development of one’s personality depends on two factors which are nature and raising. As cited in Carducci ( 2009 ) Plomin. DeFries. McClearn A ; McGuffin ( 2001 ) it’s stated that biological factors do lend to the physical and personality characteristic such as familial heritability ; nevertheless. this does non demo that all individuals’ personality is determined merely from the biological procedure. Every person contains a alone group of cistrons that require environments during an individual’s full life to bring forth a recognizable person ( Larsen A ; Buss. 2005 ) . It is frequently debated which of the two factors has a stronger impact on the development of personality. as supported by Carducci ( 2009 ) saying about the nature versus raising contention.Nature refers to biological factors such as endocrines and genetic sciences inherited from one’s parents whereas raising emphasizes on environmental factors such as rearing manners. instruction chances and the fortunes in which 1 goes through in their life every bit good as perceptual experiences. concluding and beliefs. To understand an individual’s personality. society strives to understand the traits of persons. Trait is the internal psychological temperament that remains mostly unchanged throughout the lifetime and determines differences among persons. Harmonizing to Funder ( 1997 ) as cited in Chamorro-Premuzic ( 2007 ) personality traits refer to an individual‘s characteristic form of idea. emotion and behaviour. Traits make people alone. identifiable. and by and large predictable across clip. So how do people believe and move otherwise? Human behaviour is hard to foretell ( Nairne. 2009 ) ; hence people tend to utilize personality as a mention to foretell people behavior. Different personality will hold different perceptual experience. judgement and behaviour in any given state of affairs. Harmonizing to Velasquez ( 2001. p. 1 ) . he defined moralss as â€Å"The rule of behavior or behaviour that govern an person or a group of people. † Ferrell. Fraedrich and Ferrell ( 2010. p. 6 ) have besides defined moralss as â€Å"Inquiry into the nature and land of morality†¦Ã¢â‚¬ Morality is the judgement of criterions and behaviors which an person or group has about what is right and incorrect. or good and bad. Basically. moralss is the procedure of analyzing the moral criterions of a individual or society in which the grade of rationality in using the moral criterions to concrete state of affairss is determined. In respects to this. developing a organic structure of moral criterions that are sensible for people to accept and use to the picks people have to do in life. is the ultimate purpose of moralss ( Velasquez. 2001 ) . The relationship between personality and moralss is reflected from an individual’s behaviour. Behavior is the physical contemplation of an individual’s personality which is seeable to foreigners. With certain personalities that people have. they will reflect their personalities towards their societal group by reiterating such behavior every twenty-four hours. Social groups will so notice or judge the behaviour. whether the behaviour is right or incorrect. good or bad. Such judgements and remarks can be from the point of view of spiritual. cultural. instruction or society position that fits to the standard behaviours and regulations.The moral criterions for certain behaviour for persons are set in topographic point by a aggregation of beliefs. attitudes and values ( Mustamil A ; Quaddus. 2009 ) . Therefore. as people realize their behavior whether ethical or unethical. they will hold the inclination to alter our personality so that it meets the societal credence degree. This is because when people behave in alliance to societal outlooks. they will be perceived as making the right thing. This relationship leads to an eternal rhythm among personality. behaviour and moralss. The importance of holding personality is that it helps in foretelling and understanding people’s behaviours ( Carven A ; Scheier. 2008 ) . It is believed that people ever try to understand person and predict what will be his or her behaviour in changing state of affairs by detecting his or her physical features to pare down the hazard of uncertainness ( Arthur. Hall A ; Lawrence. 1996 ) . Through personality. people’s fright of insecurity and ambiguity can be reduced as they simply know what will be they actions and behaviours in certain fortunes. Furthermore. personality can besides assist worlds to understand disease and health-related behaviour of an single such as exerting. smoke and ingestion of intoxicant. Feist and Feist ( 2008 ) says that personality is incapable of doing a disease which people suffered from. but it can assist to acknowledge what is the cause of some disease to happen from their personality. behaviour and emotional reaction under certain conditions. It can besides assist people to construe. header and adapt to every state of affairss ( Larsen A ; Buss. 2005 ) .2. 0 Content2. 1 What is Personality?For an person. one of their most of import assets is their personality. This personality acts as a sense of causal force within the person and influential force in people’s lives and act uponing their decision-making capablenesss ( Carver A ; Scheier. 2008 ) . Personality influences the manner people think. the position an person has of himself or herself. how people interact amongst each other. how people regard the universe. how they feel and the manner they react to different fortunes ( Larsen A ; Buss. 2005 ) . Not merely that. it besides confines or expands people’s sentiments and picks. enable or disenable a individual from sharing certain experiences every bit good as motivating one to take advantage. In a manner. personality rests on a broad spectrum where on one terminal. it restricts person and opens up the universe for others on the other terminal ( Schultz A ; Schultz. 2009 ) .However. there is no individual definition agreed by most research workers. They do hold their ain position of specifying â€Å"personality† as they believe that human personality is non easy defined ( Carducci. 2009 ) . Harmonizing to Shultz and Shultz ( 2009 ) the ground a simplified description is unable to explicate all is because worlds are excessively complex. Although there are many definitions have been offered. none of them is universally accepted.As sourced from Carducci ( 2009 ) . the definitions from those outstanding research workers are as following: * â€Å"That which permits a anticipation of what a individual will make in a given situation† – Cattell ( 1950. p. 2 ) . * â€Å"The most equal conceptualisation of a person’s behaviour in all its detail† – McCelland ( 1951. p. 69 ) . * â€Å"A person’s alone form of traits† – Guilford ( 1959. p. 5 ) . * â€Å"The dynamic organisation within the person of those psychophysical systems that determine his characteristic behaviour and thought† – Allport ( 1961. p. 28 ) . * â€Å"The typical forms of behaviour ( including ideas every bit good as ‘affects. ’ that is. feelings. and emotions and actions ) that characterize each single enduringly† – Mischel ( 1999. p. 4 ) . * â€Å"Personality represents those features og the individual that history for consistent forms of feeling. thought and behaving†Ã¢â‚¬â€œ ( Pervin A ; John. 2001. p. 4 ) . * â€Å"Personality refers to an individual’s characteristic forms of idea. emotions. and behaviour. together with the psychological mechanisms – hidden or non – behind those patterns† – Funder ( 2001. p. 2 ) . * â€Å"Personality is consistent behaviour forms and intrapersonal procedures arising within the individual† – Burger ( 2004. p. 4 ) . * â€Å"Personality is the set of psychological traits and mechanisms within the person that are organized and comparatively abiding and that influence his or her interactions with. and versions to. the intrapsychic. physical. and societal environments† – Larsen A ; Buss ( 2005. p. 4 ) . * â€Å"Personality is reflected partially in what people do and state. Partially. though. it’s a affair of how they do what they do – the manner that puts a alone cast on their actions† – Carver A ; Scheier ( 2008. p. 3 ) . * â€Å"A form of comparatively lasting traits and alone features that give both consistence and individualism to a person’s behavior† – Feist A ; Feist ( 2008. p. 4 ) . * â€Å"Personality is defined as trait ( s ) that denotes some singularity to the single life and that can account for differences in behavior across clip and situation† – McFerran. Aquino A ; Duffy ( 2010. p. 38 ) . * Traits of personality â€Å"are classified by the adaptative jobs they were designed to work out and †¦ traits evolve as a map of the adaptative jobs faced by the being over evolution-ary time† – Figueredo et Al. ( 2005. p. 871 ) .Although there are so many different definitions from research workers. there are certain characteristics common to most of the definitions developed ( Carducci. 2009 ) . Singularity of an IndividualIndividual singularity refers to the enduring and alone bunch of feature of an person. Society strives to see similarity among people. yet each of the single possesses particular belongingss that distinguish the person from all others. For illustration. in a group of friends. one has a feature of egoism. one is caring and another one is chatty. Although they are interacting closely with each other often. they do hold their unique features which their friends do non possess. However. single uniqueness efforts to alter in response to different state of affairs ( Schultz A ; Schultz. 2009 ) . In add-on. single nature compounds of unvarying psychological mechanism. an information-processing activity which produce an single differences from one another as a consequence of different single experiences ( Tooby A ; Cosmides. 1990 ) . Consistency of BehaviorAnother characteristic common to most definitions of personality is the concern of behavioural consistence across clip and state of affairss. This is because personality is something a individual carries with him or herself over clip and from one state of affairs to the following within an person ( Larsen A ; Buss. 2005 ) . For illustration. a individual that talks a batch the minute you see him will still be ruling conversations old ages down the route. However. stressing on behavioural consistence does non intend that an individual’s personality neer alterations. The grade of behavioural consistence is influenced by the extent of situational factors. ideas. feelings and behaviour ( Carducci. 2009 ) . Undergoing psychological or physical injury for illustration. is one of the most powerful ways that can modify the personality of an single. Such events that deal a great impact to the installations of the human head are frequently negative.2. 2 How Personality is Shaped?Nature versus RaisingWhat really determine an individual’s personality and how personality is shaped? Most of the research workers stand on the same point that personality is shaped by both nature and raising. Everyone has their ain personality which consists of both nature genetic sciences and environmental factors throughout their lifetime. Harmonizing to Carducci ( 2009 ) personality is of course born with genetically inherited. What we inherit. common and alone. exists through the action of cistrons. As cited in Mayer ( 2007 ) Plomin and Rowe ( 1994 ) stated that familial factors contribute significantly in relationship and interaction between parents and kids. Parent-child influence is bidirectional ; non merely will the parents act upon the kid. but the kid might besides hold an influence on the parents ( Corr ; A ; Matthews. 2009 ) . This is all linked to the familial heritage from parents to their kids. besides known as nature. Parents non merely go through physical features such as oculus colourss and clamber tone but besides some of the personalities which have important consequence on the attitudes. determinations and behaviours to the following coevals ( Burger. 2004 ) .Surveies of indistinguishable twins particularly those who were separated since they were born showed that heredity has a big consequence on personality. Individual personality is non merely affected genetically but they are besides attributed to differences in experiences. external environments and individual’s socialisation. the raising determiner ( Burger. 2004 ) . Through shared environments and non-shared environments. worlds are able to derive alone experiences and cognition which will finally impact their thought and behaviours. Harmonizing to Larsen and Buss ( 2005 ) shared environments are spiritual beliefs. civilization and attitudes in a household. However. it can non be concluded that all members in the same shared environment household will hold the same ideas. emotions and behaviours ; how the household members are treated will besides lend to different personality ( Harris. 1995 ) . While the non-shared environments are larning establishments. relationships with non-family members and the manner single is treated by his or her household members ( Mayer. 2007 ) . Alone experiences and environments exposed look to be critical for the development of single personality ( Larsen ; A ; Buss. 2005 ) . However. the effects of the environment. whether shared or non-shared. on the individuals’ personality Begin to bit by bit diminish as they reach their midlife position meaning a personality that has stabilized over so many old ages of modeling the environment. As cited in Ardelt ( 2000 ) Mortimer. Finch and Kumka ( 1982 ) stated that this is because an single selects. forms and transforms the environment to suit his or her personality. As the personalities of persons stabilize. their behaviours tend to go more consistent and predictable. This is because they have learned through two sorts of conditioning. classical conditioning and operant status which behaviours are acted ( Feist ; A ; Feist. 2008 ) .Classical conditioning is known as a behavioural preparation procedure where a impersonal ( conditioned ) stimulation is coupled with an innate stimulation for every bit long as needed until it can convey about a antecedently innate stimulation. For illustration. a Canis familiaris may excitedly leap up and down when it is shown with a slide of meat ( natural responses ) . This status is repeated several times with a bell tintinnabulation ( impersonal stimulation ) when demoing nutrient to the Canis familiaris. After that. when a bell rings. the Canis familiaris will automatically leap up and down. On the other manus. operant conditioning is a type of larning which concern on how to learn others to act in different state of affairss. Behaviors which are enjoyable and agreeable will be reinforced which will take to the repeat of the behaviours. For illustration. if a kid does non complete prep given. the kid might be punished. If the kid performs good. he or she will be rewarded with Sweets. Through this. the kid learns which action will take to desirable effects. go oning on to set up the repeat of good behaviour.2. 3 The Genesis of PersonalityImagine a clean piece of paper. Lines are drawn upon it and separately they mean nil. But when you look at it as a whole. it forms a image. The same can be said for our personality. the lines stand foring the experiences and the image stand foring our personality. Our personality takes clip to develop. turning from our experiences and for everybody. it starts from birth. Childhood is a procedure every kid goes through since birth. The procedures involved are the procedure of acquisition and get the hanging accomplishments such as sitting. walking. speaking. and jumping. There will be different personalities at every phase of childhood and between different kids under changing state of affairss and environment ( Thomas. Chess ; A ; Birch. 2006 ) . A research showed that familial factors contribute significantly in relationship and interaction between parents and kids. besides known as nature ( Plomin. 1994 ; Rowe. 1994 ; Mayer 2007 ) . As an illustration. cistrons determine whether a kid will hold black hair or brown hair. black eyes or brown eyes. and left-handed or right-handed. There is shared environment among parent-child or household members. Shared environments are spiritual beliefs. civilization and attitudes ( Larsen ; A ; Buss. 2005 ) . These shared environments will finally take them to holding about the same personality. However. there are still other non-shared environments which will act upon the personality of a kid during his or her procedure of turning such as equal or friends ( Mayer. 2007 ) . Alone experiences and environment exposed look to be critical for the development of kids personality ( Larsen ; A ; Buss. 2005 ) . The period of a individual from pubescence until in-between life is called young person or adolescence. In this period. immature people will get down to derive psychological and physical independency from their parents. They begin to happen a mate and form a household in the universe. The acknowledgment of the problem-free epoch of childhood is gone everlastingly for the young person. Therefore. harmonizing to Jung. young person is a period of increased activity. maturating gender and turning consciousness ( Feist ; A ; Feist. 2008 ) . Adolescent single becomes familiar with new types of activity and experience. Those of the activity may broaden their apprehension of their ego and personality trait ( Allik. Laidra. Realo ; A ; Pullmann. 2004 ) .Personality traits become progressively stable across the life span from kids to adolescence to immature grownup. Lower stableness is expected for early adolescence because an person is faced with dramatic environmental alterations. It possibly is the most volatile normative passage in the life span during the adolescence. During adolescence. it entails a combination of societal. cognitive. and biological alterations ( Donnellan. Trzesniewski ; A ; Robins. 2006 ) . Furthermore. immature people will research new individualities and functions during adolescence and the alterations may otherwise act upon persons. As cited in Fleeson. Malanos and Achille ( 2002 ) Jung ( 1923 ) believed that in-between life begins at about age 35 or 40 at which clip begins its downward descent and in-between age people are increasing their anxiousnesss. Recent theoretical and empirical work with grownups has pointed out three possible cardinal characteristics which are the inclination to see frequent positive tempers ( Fleeson et al. 2002 ) . sensitiveness to possible wagess ( Lucas. Diener. Grob. Suh ; A ; Shao. 2000 ) . and the inclination to bask and arouse societal attending ( Ashton. Lee ; A ; Paunonen. 2002 ) .The in-between life people are able to give up the extrovert ends of young person and move to the introspective way of drawn-out consciousness ( Feist ; A ; Feist. 2008 ) . There are three rules in this mid-life phase which are adulthood rule. cumulative continuity rule and corresponsive rule. In the adulthood rule. most people become more dominant. agreeable. painstaking. and emotionally stable over their lives and unfastened to experiences by going less defensive and stiff. and unfastened to feelings ( Peabody ; A ; De Raad 2002 ) . Accumulative continuity rule represents a clip for the individual to go on the new life construction formed over the old ages. They are seeking to keep on to their physical attraction and legerity in retaining the societal and moral values of the earlier life ( Feist ; A ; Feist. 2008 ) . The corresponsive rule represents how personality development is affected by life experience that leads people to those experiences in the first topographic point ( Roberts ; A ; Robins 2004 ) . Old age is the phase of lifetime when one reaches the age of 60 and supra. On several personality dimensions. the aged would hold moderate stableness for life satisfaction and mind.This is the shutting chapter of people’s lives. At this clip. people would look back and reexamine the picks they had made and reflect on their achievements or failures ( Carver ; A ; Scheier. 2008 ) . Personality may hold changed as consequence of being influenced by altering life fortunes. There will be a diminution on the traits of extroversion and energetic. and an addition in amenity. The diminutions on energy and extroversion traits are related to the putative wellness jobs experienced by the aged. Furthermore. when they enter this latter phase of life. they are more likely to be socially stray. In other words. they are to be frail and bereft of friends ( Maiden. Peterson ; A ; Caya. 1999 ) . For illustration. the solitariness of widows and widowmans will do the staying partner to lose their will to populate. as they lose emotional support from the partner. Through this it is apparent how an individual’s personality is shaped by the many experiences throughout his or her lifetime. every past experience lending to the devising of a future determination.2. 4 Psychological Position of PersonalityFrom a psychological position. understanding the construct of personality requires one to understand the whole individual ( Nairne. 2009 ) . Personality can non be studied by entering the actions of an person in a restricted state of affairs or peculiar status. and so finding the several traits that make up his or her personality. Psychology is the survey of the thriving or optimum public presentation of people and the conditions and processes that contribute to it ( Gable ; A ; Haidt. 2005 ) . Harmonizing to Burger ( 2004 ) with a proved observation that each single reacts otherwise in a same state of affairs. psychological science researches aim to place a form that would by and large depict the actions most persons take and the difference of those actions from one another. A subject within psychological science. personality psychological science seeks to reply how major psychological procedures like motivations. emotions and ideas operate together and the significance that these procedures have in a person’s life ( Mayer. 2007 ) . This will be farther explained in item below with two attacks to personality from the psychological point of view.2. 4. 1 Trait Approach to PersonalityAn individual’s consistent reaction forms can be predicted from cognizing his or her core personality trait. Harmonizing to Friedman and Schustack ( 2012 ) â€Å"A trait attack to personality uses a basic. limited set of adjectives or adjectival dimension to depict and scale person. † The basic unit of personality is trait ( Carducci. 2009 ) . which traits are stable characteristic helping to act upon an individual’s thought. feeling and behaviour in a accustomed manner across a assortment of state of affairss ( Wiggins. 1997 ; Winter. John. Stewart. Klohnen ; A ; Duncan. 1998 ; Pervin. 2002 ; McCrae ; A ; Costa. 2003 ; McCrae ; A ; Costa. 2006 ; Friedman ; A ; Schustack. 2012 ) . Trait is a wide construct that allows people to understand single differences. Harmonizing to Ryckman ( 2004 ) traits are really exist but unseeable which can be observed through the consistences in a person’s behaviour. There are around 18. 000 adjectives in the universe to depict an person such as honestness. lazy. aggressive. composure and chatty. In bend. personality trait is defined as â€Å"†¦a specific feature of an person which has permeant influence on a broad spectrum of trait-relevant responses† ( Ajzen. 2005 ) . As mentioned in Ajzen ( 2005 ) Heider ( 1958 ) Jones and Davis ( 1965 ) and Kelly ( 1971 ) pointed out that such trait-relevant responses. besides known as external discernible cues. like an individual’s behaviours. are used to deduce the personality traits of a individual.This is farther supported in Ajzen ( 2005 ) where Goethe states that â€Å"Behavior is a mirror in which everyone shows his image. † What does people mentioning to when depicting person? Personality psychologists have different position point in the significance of traits. There are two different point of views in finding the significance of traits. First. they claimed that traits are internal belongingss of a individual which will do their behaviour. For the 2nd point of view. they claimed that there is no relationship between traits and behaviour. that is. people can non utilize traits footings to depict people’s behaviour. As cited in Larsen and Buss ( 2005 ) Alston ( 1975 ) first premise claimed that traits are assumed to be the internal sense that persons carry such as their desires. demands and wants from a state of affairs to the following state of affairs. These desires. demands and wants which come within an person are assumed to be related to their behaviours. For illustration. one’s internal desire influences his or her external behaviour. demoing that traits and behaviour are correlated. Psychologists who are in the position of first premise do non associate traits with the external behaviour.For illustration. John is a avaricious adult male. but due to the ethical codification of making concern. he did non rip off his clients. Hence. psychologists believe that traits are internal trait. that is. the sense of single such as the demands. wants and desires will stay even though he or she does non act in that manner. In short. traits are assumed to be even though the behaviour does non be. On the other manus. the 2nd premise claimed that traits are descriptive sum-ups of feature of persons. They merely use traits to depict and make non assume the cause of someone’s behaviour ( Larsen ; A ; Buss. 2005 ) . It is argued in Saucier and Goldberg ( 1998 ) and Wiggins ( 1979 ) cited in Larsen and Buss ( 2005 ) that before the development of causal theories to explicate the single differences in people. the importance of the single differences must be first identified and described. Personal temperaments are traits that are curious to an person. as opposed to traits shared by a figure of people ( Schultz ; A ; Schultz. 2009 ) .As cited in Corr and Matthews ( 2009 ) Allport ( 1937 ) and Funder ( 1991 ) pointed out temporally changeless inclinations of behavior are called temperaments in psychological science but besides other scientific disciplines such as medical specialty. biological science and natural philosophies. An individual’s personal temperament does non possess the same strength or significance. Therefore it can be classified as central traits. cardinal traits. and secondary traits. Cardinal trait is permeant and powerful human traits that it touches about every facet of a person’s life. As cited in Schultz and Schultz ( 2009 ) Allport ( 1961 ) described it as a opinion passion. a powerful force that dominates behavior. However. non everyone has a opinion passion. and those who do non expose it in every state of affairs. For illustration. a individual may desire to be powerful. the demand for power can deduce from virtually all his behavior which means that this demand for power will rule all his behavior. He would non merely strive to achieve a place of power within society but besides interact with his friends or household in a similar form ( Ryckman. 2004 ) . Cardinal traits are the descriptive traits being used to depict a individual such as trustiness. outgoingness. friendliness. honestness. self-importance and aggressiveness ( Ryckman. 2004 ) . Those descriptive traits are outstanding and seeable of an individual’s personality.These descriptive traits are the indispensable qualities that can compactly portray an person ( Friedman ; A ; Schustack. 2012 ) . Mentioning to Carducci ( 2009 ) Allport ( 1961 ) stated that traits used to depict the indispensable characteristics of an single by and large lie in a scope of five to ten traits. Although they do non transport the generalization of a central trait. such major features control the individual’s behavior in assorted state of affairss. Secondary traits are characteristics that impact an individual’s behaviour in a really limited figure of fortunes which is less obvious than cardinal trait ( Carducci. 2009 ) . It is because they may non look often in behaviours or peculiar state of affairss. such as a individual may be in bad pique when on diet ( Feist ; A ; Feist. 2008 ) . Secondary traits are the least of import traits due to incompatibility and imperceptibly. The features are less of import to the person-preferences ; their grounds will merely be noticed by a close friend or household members. An illustration illustrates how a close friend can detect your minor penchant for a peculiar nutrient ( Schultz ; A ; Schultz. 2009 ) . The traits are by and large less generalized. and less frequently called into drama than cardinal traits ( Allport. 1937 ; Ryckman. 2004 ) .2. 4. 2 Analytic Psychology Approach to PersonalityAnalytic psychological science is an attack from psychological science field by Carl Jung ( 1875 – 1961 ) which is a new and luxuriant account of human nature ( Shultz ; A ; Schultz. 2009 ) . Harmonizing to Ryckman ( 2004. p. 107 ) analytical psychological science is defined as â€Å"Jung’s alone trade name of psychological science. which emphasizes the complex interplay function between oppositional forces within the mind and the ways in which these internal struggles affect personality development. † Psyche is a concept that is proposed to stand for all the interacting systems within the human personality that accounts for the mental life and behaviour of an person. the entire personality of one ego. Harmonizing to Friedman ; A ; Schustack ( 2012 ) Jung had initiated a important watercourse of work on traits when the footings extraversion and invagination was employed. Among this watercourse of work were psychological types. Psychological types proposed that people adopt different ways of associating to see and different attitudes toward life and utilize different psychological procedures or maps to do sense out of their outlook. Persons have a natural penchant that will find how they will act and respond in all state of affairss ( Pittenger. n. d. ) . Extrovert-introvertThe extraversion versus invagination dimension is a contemplation of the individual’s perceptual orientation ( Pittenger. n. d. ) . Extraversion can be referred as an orientation towards things outside of oneself whereas invagination is the inclination to turn inwards and research one’s ain feeling and experiences. Hence. in a simple word. the contrast between extraverts and introverts are extroverts focal point on external world while introverts focus on internal world ( O’brien. Bernold ; A ; Akroyd. 1998 ) . Extrovert people are surpassing. interested in people and external universe as compared to invaginate people who prefer to pass clip entirely. As cited in Shultz and Schultz ( 2009 ) Jung ( 1927 ) stated that an person could possess both extraversion and invagination inclinations. but merely one would be dominant. Despite the dominant inclination is the one directing the person’s behaviour and consciousness. the non-dominant opposite number still remains influential. and becomes parts of the personal unconscious where it can impact behaviour. In certain state of affairss. features of extraversion or attractive force to an extravert may be displayed by an introvert.Despite that. an person is unable to exchange from an introvert to an extravert as they are both stable traits ( Boeree. 2009 ) . Jung points out those extraverts are more objective-oriented and maintain off from the subjective 1 as they tend to stamp down the subjective and concentrate on the nonsubjective attitude. Extroverts focus more on the facts whereas introverts are the direct antonym and concentrate more on their interior universe. Introverts are turned into their interior universe with prejudices. phantasies. dreams. and single perceptual experiences. They prefer subjective which mean they are based on their sentiment or thought instead than facts ( Feist ; A ; Feist. 2008 ) . Extroverted and introverted will impact their thought. feeling. detection. and intuition. the four basic maps posited by Jung ( Feist ; A ; Feist. 2008 ) . One of these four maps will be adopted as people’s dominant manner. Jung combined the four basic maps as thinking/feeling. the other one is sensing/intuition. Thinking-FeelingAn individual’s decision-making procedure is determined by their thought and feeling. The thought and feeling maps apply otherwise to different persons when doing determinations. as each person have their ain type of thought and feeling map. The believing map affects an individual’s usage of logic and nonsubjective truth when doing determinations depending on the individual’s basic attitude ( Russell. 2002 ) . Thinking helps people to acknowledge the significance. Extrospective minds rely to a great extent on concrete ideas. where their thoughts are impartially based on facts and carry no single reading. Such persons have are able to more easy retrieve human stimulations with emotional overtones such as facial looks and joy ( Schultz ; A ; Schultz. 2008 ) . In mention to Ryckman ( 2004 ) Jung ( 1923 ) stated that in order way to prosecute their thoughts and ideals. persons keep their feelings contained every bit good as denying aesthetic activities. the gustatory sensation of inventive sense and friendly relationships. This development of negative manner within an single makes everything they do merely another measure that brings them closer to accomplishing their personal ends. despite visual aspects taking people around them to comprehend as being concerned with the public assistance of others. An illustration to clearly exemplify this is how a self-seeking militant working friendly relationship of others to help in accomplishing his or her ain end. On the other manus. introspective minds react to external stimulation. leting single reading. For illustration. philosophers are ever introverted thought because they want extremely subjective and originative province of head to construe the old informations in new ways ( Feist ; A ; Feist. 2008 ) . They are interested in thoughts merely like extroverted thought persons. These people may be stubborn. chesty ( Burger. 2004 ) . cold and inconsiderate of others ( Ryckman. 2004 ) . Unlike persons with extrospective thought. persons with introspective thought are able to retrieve impersonal or impersonal stimulations such as Numberss more easy ( Schultz ; A ; Schultz. 2008 ) .The other map is experiencing map. where persons use the reason of empathy and subjective values to do determinations ( Russell. 2002 ) . The feeling map distinguishes from emotion to state people the value or worth of something. It is besides the rating of day-to-day witting activities by judging whether they are good or bad. acceptable or unacceptable ( Ryckman. 2004 ) . Extroverted antennas use nonsubjective informations for rating and are guided by external values and widely accepted criterions of judgement. Such people are most frequently found in societal state of affairss. cognizing what to state and how to state it. This leads them being well-liked because of their sociableness ( Feist ; A ; Feist. 2008 ) . The feelings and behaviours of these people are controlled by societal norms which are the outlook of others. As per Schultz and Schultz ( 2008 ) . they conform to traditional values and moral codifications that they were taught.Despite that. they appear to be unreal. shoal and undependable as they change from state of affairs to state of affairs and individual to individual ( Ryckman. 2004 ) . For such people. thought is mostly stifled. Unlike extravert antennas. introvert antennas repress rational idea. In mention to Feist and Feist ( 2008 ) . their value judgements are chiefly based on subjective perceptual experiences instead than nonsubjective facts. These persons tend to ignore traditional sentiments and beliefs. transporting a close complete indifference to the nonsubjective universe including the people in it doing uncomfortableness to people around them ( Feist ; A ; Feist. 2008 ) . Introvert antennas may look to be cold and self-confident. but in malice of all that. invaginate feeling people are capable of deep emotions that they avoid showing externally ( Schultz ; A ; Schultz. 2008 ) . Due to their nature. they have small consideration for the feelings and ideas of others. Sensing-IntuitionThe sensing-intuition spectrum steps direct one’s penchant in the country of cognitive perceptual experience. For persons who rely more on feeling. they tends to depend on one or more of the five senses in their reading of facts or events whereas for individuals who rely on intuition. they rely more on internal beginnings of information. delegating intending through the usage of a more abstract intuitive procedure ( O’brien. Bernold ; A ; Akroyd. 1998 ) . The map that receives physical stimulations and transmits them to perceptual consciousness is esthesis. Sensing is merely the individual’s perceptual experience of centripetal urges. acquiring information through the five senses ( Leary. Reilly ; A ; Brown. 2009 ) . As cited in Boeree ( 2006 ) Jung called this detection as one of the irrational maps which involves perceptual experience instead than judging information. Detectors like facts. informations and experimentation. work outing jobs by standard methods. patient with item but do non like complications. are good at memorising facts and are careful but may be slow ( Felder. 2002 ) . Detectors tend to concentrate on immediate experience and developed first-class power of observation and good memory for inside informations. for an illustration ( Burger. 2004 ) .Extroverted feeling people perceive external stimulations objectively in which these stimulations exist in world. They are interested in sing the external universe ( Burger. 2004 ) . Besides that. these people are able adaptable to different sorts of people and altering state of affairss ( Schultz ; A ; Schultz. 2009 ) . Their esthesiss are non greatly influenced by their subjective attitudes. Sometimes. description of attitudes and maps seems to overlap. For illustration. feeling types frequently seem to resemble extroverts and all categorizations are complicated ( McCrae ; A ; Costa. 1989 ) . Extroverted sensing people are normally prefer surpassing and enjoyment while some interested in nutrient and concern on physical visual aspect ( Ryckman. 2004 ) . Introverted sensing people are greatly influenced by their subjective esthesiss of sight. sound. gustatory sensation. touch and odor. Their reading comes non from the stimulation. but from how their senses construe it. Harmonizing to Jung. the introspective detection type is uncommonly unaccessible to objective apprehension ( McCrae ; A ; Costa. 1989 ) .In conformity to this. Burger ( 2004 ) states that introspective detection people are more interested in their ain ideas and interior esthesiss compared to external objects. and frequently use music or other abstract behaviour to show themselves. Such looks are usually hard to be understood by others. Introverted feeling persons besides tend to construe harmless remarks from others in inventive ways. At times. they may look to be rational and in control of their actions but this is because of their withdrawal to the environment and other people ( Schultz ; A ; Schultz. 2009 ) . Intuition involves perceptual experience beyond the working of consciousness. It is the 1 that provide the natural stuff for thought and feeling. Intuitive perceptual experience is researching possibilities through penetrations. originative find and beyond what is seeable to senses ( Higgs. 2001 ) . Those people prefer rules and theories. like invention and dislike repeat. bored by item and welcome complications. speedy but may be careless and good at hold oning new constructs ( Felder. 2002 ) . Intuitive types are disproportionately found in businesss such as art and psychological science. Harmonizing to theory of Jung ( 1971 ) . both extrospective and introspective intuitive types were described as odorizing out new possibilities continually in the inner and outer universe severally.Extroverted intuitive people are oriented toward facts in which are guided by unconscious perceptual experience of facts that are fundamentally subjective intuitive. For illustration. extroverted intuitive people invariably seeks new challenges and involvements in the external universe and acquire bored easy with occupations and relationships. They tend to be unstable and flighty ( Burger. 2004 ) . These people are attracted by new thoughts and be given to be originative. They are able to animate others to accomplish and accomplish ends. Their determinations are made from intuitions and are likely to be corrected ( Schultz ; A ; Schultz. 2009 ) . Introverted intuition people such as mystics. psychologist or creative persons appear unusual to people of other types who have small apprehension of their intents ( McCrae ; A ; Costa. 1989 ) . They like to research new and different thoughts but have difficultly developing communicating to other people. However. as they fail to understand world or societal norms. it makes them impractical in planning ( Burger. 2004 ) . These people have trouble get bying with mundane life and planning for the hereafter ( Schultz ; A ; Schultz. 2009 ) .2. 5 The Relationship between Personality and Ethical motivesDiagram 1: The relationship between personality and moralss is interrelated with an individual’s behaviour.The relationship between personality and moralss is reflected from an individual’s behaviour. Behavior is the result that reflected from an individual’s personality which is seeable to the foreigners. As personality acts as a sense of causal force within the person and influential force in people’s lives and act uponing their decision-making capablenesss. in bend. impacting their behaviours in changing state of affairss ( Carver ; A ; Scheier. 2008 ) . Stewart ( 2009 ) mentioned that moralss are being applied by people in their actions and day-to-day life when they are concerned with practical moral jobs and worry about which normative theory. Ethical motives is a portion of our lives. and we pattern it every twenty-four hours consciously and unconsciously. By affecting oneself with the moral jobs of on a day-to-day footing. moral linguistic communication is used to praise and knock people and their behaviours. to ground about moral rules. to advice others and to make up ones mind the proper behaviour and what the right thing to make is. Through the counsel external values and widely acceptable criterions of judgement. and nurture experiences from what people have learnt throughout their full life. people tend to act and move consequently to the acceptable norms.As cited in Cremer. Mayer and Schminke ( 2010 ) Trevino. Weaver and Reynolds ( 2006. p. 952 ) stated that â€Å"†¦individual behaviour that is capable to or judged harmonizing to by and large recognized moral norms of behaviour. † When people confronting ethical issue they frequently make determination. with the cardinal personality within persons. and the acquisition processes from external environments such as cultural and faith influences. equals or friends influence. ain beliefs. values. and rules. these affect the behaviours that they choose to act in certain state of affairss which they believe those behaviours are aligned with their spiritual values and beliefs. Personal doctrines are besides single factors which influence determination devising. in bend. impact their behaviour ( Ferrell et al. . 2010 ) . Individual doctrines are person-specific. they are frequently used to warrant determination or explicate actions whether one behaviour is perceived as right or being viewed as incorrect. Harmonizing Cremer. Mayer and Schminke ( 2010 ) . person who is seemingly good in personality will sometimes act or make bad things in certain conditions across clip. This is due to everyone has their internal opportunisms such as desires. demands and wants. and beliefs of what is right and what is incorrect. Thus. even an person with a good personality will sometimes behavior in a manner that deviates from the widely accepted societal norms.2. 6 The Importance of PersonalityPersonality is of import in foretelling and understanding someone’s behaviour ( Carven A ; Scheier. 2008 ) . It is an of import subscriber used to foretell one’s position of the other person’s personality as personality trades with a broad scope of human behaviour. On the other manus. it plays an of import function in an individual’s behaviour. leting people to convey some few traits that can sum up what a individual is similar. As features seem to capture an individual’s personality. hence. most outstanding features of a individual will convey to mind their personality. As cited in Rhodewalt ( 2008 ) Daniel Dennett ( 1987 ) pointed out that people can foretell other’s actions harmonizing to their physical features and capablenesss or by handling them as rational agents with beliefs and desires. so. foretelling their actions based on these internal provinces. Although people do non move the same in every individual state of affairs. others can still foretell their consistent behaviour based on their seeable features ( Burger. 2004 ) .Physical or seeable features are efficient in foretelling a individual. for illustration a individual flinching after taking a boot. by holding more insight about complex human behaviours ( Rhodewalt. 2008 ) . Through this. people are able to cut down the hazard of uncertainness as they are capable of understanding and foretelling people’s behaviour around them through their outstanding traits across the clip ( Arthur. Hall A ; Lawrence. 1996 ) . Therefore. people will experience more comfy and safe. Furthermore. personality is a cardinal component in understanding disease and health-related behaviour of an person from something childs like exercising. slumber. smoke. and imbibing to something major such as insecure wellness patterns and the sharing of endovenous acerate leafs by drug nuts ( Smith. 2006 ) . As cited in Booth-Kewly ( 1992 ) Funder ( 1991 ) . the observation that motives specific to a certain behaviour or by bounds of the state of affairs may act upon a given behaviour but this can be predicted by personality is pointed out. In the field of wellness. personality plays a cardinal function in the manner people interpret events. header and adapt to the instability of day-to-day life ( Larsen A ; Buss. 2005 ) .For case. when down with a cold. we are required to rest more to retrieve. This is a sort of behaviour that is affected by our personality. If an person has a competitory personality and refuses to let himself or herself to rest because of the cold virus. the person would rapidly go really badly because the individual’s personality influences how good the individual copes with the viral infection. Additionally. the predictability of wellness disease can be based upon the apprehension of health-related behaviour every bit good as emotional reaction under certain conditions in which the disease is a consequence of the interaction of these factors ( Feist A ; Feist. 2008 ) . As personality is unable to do wellness disease. it can assist people to understand what do the disease to go on by sing what the person’s personality is with other external factors. For case. the hazard of bosom disease for a tobacco user who’s plagued by negative ideas and a nerve-racking life is higher than another tobacco user who leads a happy life.3. 0 DecisionAn person should non be judged simply from his or her behaviour and be concluded to hold a good or bad personality. To make so who would be the same as to judge a book by its screen. as people around do non cognize the full fortunes that had influenced a individual to act that manner in certain state of affairss. This may due to the natural and nurtured experiences which make up an individual’s alone personality. Other than that. everyone has his or her ain moral individualities through faith. civilization and experiences learnt towards something which might non be the same as others. It is believed that it is easier to model a child’s personality since childhood as this might alter his or her thought. emotions and behavior across clip. They can be taught. corrected from errors and motivated to hold a alone personality which is aligned with widely acceptable criterion or norms ( Crain. 2011 ) . With this nurtured experiences. persons might hold they ain beliefs and values. which might besides alter the manner they think and act taking to a different personality. It is non surprising that sometimes a individual behaviour might divert from ethical alliances and his or her behaviour is judged as either right or incorrect by others. This is because they have their ain personality with beliefs and values. And how their personality affects their behaviour and the cause and consequence of the behaviour. it all depends on the individual’s ain sense of moralss to do the pick.There are ever two sides to a coin and where there is normal personality ; there is decidedly the being of unnatural personality that can non be neglected. Peoples with unnatural personality is said to endure from symptoms like anxiousness. depression. dissatisfaction. solitariness. disorganized ideas. riotous perceptual experiences or unusual beliefs and attitudes that are unsuitable to their fortunes ( Larsen and Buss. 2006 ) . This is opposite of the findings in Strack ( 2006 ) where a individual possessing a normal or healthy personality displays an ability to accommodate flexibly to their environment and has typical perceptual experiences and behaviours that promotes personal satisfaction. For people that suffer from unnatural personality. their behavior perverts from standard norms and regulations set in a society. ensuing in unethical behaviour as they are unable to command themselves good. Hence. raising experiences and external environment factors that shape an individual’s personality is of import in regulating their behaviour across clip in changing state of affairss.Peoples judge others utilizing their ain intuition and feelings. with others trying to knock them in bend. every one of them seeking their best to remain true to the moral rules that they hold. And what is the cause of this uninterrupted rhythm of knocking each other? The reply is single personality. There are many moral doctrines from different research workers. but non one of them has been accepted universally ( Ferrell et al. . 2010 ) . With each person’s personality different from the other. they tend to utilize their ain intuition to measure moralss. which is why an action from a individual individual can justify congratulations from one group and be condemned by another. Although it was mentioned earlier that non all moral doctrines are accepted universally. they can be widely accepted in certain societies or states. Such moral doctrines map as an ideal moral position that provides persons with abstract rules as a usher for their societal being. Despite the array of researches in this field over a span of old ages has been done. there is still much more to be learnt. Nevertheless. of all these researches. the nucleus of it is that moralss plays the of import function of act uponing and steering people’s behaviour. and it is necessary in the forming of a good personality.4. 0 MentionsAjzen. I. ( 2005 ) . Attitudes. personality and behaviour ( 2nd ed. ) . New York: LicensingAgency Ltd.Allik. J. R. . Laidra. K. . A ; Pullmann. H. ( 2004 ) . Personality development from 12 to 18years of age: Changes in mean degrees and construction of traits. Eur. J. Pers. 18. 445-462.Ardelt. M. ( 2000 ) . Still stable after all these old ages? Personality stableness theory revisited. Social Psychology Quarterly. 63 ( 4 ) . 392-405.Arthur. M. B. . Hall. D. T. . A ; Lawrence. B. S. ( 1996 ) . Handbook of calling theory. PressSyndicate of the University Cambridge.Boeree. C. G. ( 2009 ) . Trait theories of personality. General Psychology. 1-4.Burger. J. M. ( 2004 ) . Personality ( 6th ed. ) . United State of America: Thomson larning. Inc.Carducci. B. J. ( 2009 ) . The psychological science of personality ( 2nd ed. ) . United Kingdom: Wiley Blackwell.Carver. C. S. . A ; Scheier. M. F. ( 2008 ) . Positions of personality ( 6th ed. ) . United Statesof America. Calcium: Pearson Education.Chamorro-Premuzic. T. ( 2007 ) . Personality and single differences. United Kingdom: British Psychological Society and Blackwell Publishing Ltd.Corr. P. J. . A ; Matthew. G. ( 2009 ) . Personality psychological science. New York. Calcium: CambridgeUniversity Press. Crain. W. ( 2011 ) . Theories of development: Concepts and applications ( 6th ed. ) . UnitedStates of America: Pearson Education. Inc.Cremer. D. D. . Mayer. D. . A ; Schminke. M. ( 2010 ) . Guest Editors’ debut onunderstanding ethical behaviour and determination devising: A behavioural ethicsapproach. Business Ethics Quarterly. 20 ( 1 ) . 1-6.Donnellan. M. B. . Trzesniewski. K. H. . A ; Robins. R. W. ( 2006 ) . Personality and selfesteemdevelopment in adolescence. In D. K. Mroczek A ; T. Little ( Eds. ) . Handbook ofpersonality development ( pp. 285-309 ) . Hillsdale. New jersey: ErlbaumFeist. J. . A ; Feist. G. J. ( 2008 ) . Theories of personality ( 7th ed. ) . Calcium: McGraw Hill HigherEducation. Felder. R. M. ( 2002 ) . Learning and instructions manners in technology instruction. EnglishEducation. 78 ( 7 ) . 674–681.Ferrell. O. C. . Fraedrich. J. . A ; Ferrel. L. ( 2010 ) . Business moralss: Ethical determination makingand instances ( asia erectile dysfunction. ) . New York. Calcium: Houghton Mifflin Company.Friedman. H. S. . A ; Schustack. M. W. ( 2012 ) . Personality: Authoritative Theories and ModernResearch. ( 5thed. ) . United States of America. Calcium: Pearson Education. Gable. S. L. . A ; Haidt. J. ( 2005 ) . What and why is positive psychological science? Review ofGeneral Psychology. 9 ( 2 ) . 103-110.Harris. J. R. ( 1995 ) . Where is the child’s environment? A group socialisation theory ofdevelopment. Psychological Review. 102 ( 3 ) . 1-62.Higgs. H. ( 2001 ) . Is at that place a relationship between the Myers-Briggs type index andemotional intelligence? Journal of Managerial Psychology. 16 ( 7 ) . 509-533.Larsen. R. J. . A ; Buss D. M. ( 2005 ) . Personality psychological science: Spheres of knowledgeabout human nature ( 2nd ed. ) . New York. Calcium: McGraw-Hill. Lucas. R. E. . Diener. E. . Grob. A. . Suh. E. M. . A ; Shao L. ( 2000 ) . Cross-cultural evidencefor the cardinal characteristics of extroversion. J. Personal. Soc. Psychol. 79:45268.Maiden. R. J. . Peterson. S. A. . A ; Caya. M. ( 1999 ) . Personality alterations in the really old. Boston. Calcium: American Psychological Association.Mayer. J. D ( 2007 ) . Personality: A systems attack. United States of America: Pearson Education.Mustamil. N. A ; Quaddus. M. ( 2009 ) . Antecedent factors of ethicalpolitical orientations in moral opinion: Evidence from the assorted method survey. Journal of Social and Human Sciences. 723- 731. Nairne. J. S. ( 2009 ) . Psychology ( 5th ed. ) . United States of America: International Student Edition. Nasser. H. E. ( 2011. October 31 ) . World population hits 7 billion. USA Today. RetrievedJuly 1. 2012. from hypertext transfer protocol: // hypertext transfer protocol: //www. usatoday. com/news/world/story/2011 10- 30/world population-hits-seven-billion/51007670/1.O’brien. T. P. . Bernold. L. E. . A ; Akroyd. D. Myers-Briggs Type Indicator and Academic Achievement in Engineering Education.Peabody. D. . A ; De Raad. B. ( 2002 ) . The substantial nature of psycholexical personality factors: a comparing across linguistic communications. J. Personal. Soc. Psychol. 83:983–97. Pittenger. D. J. ( n. d. ) . Measuring the MBTI and coming up short. Journal of Career Planning A ; Placement.Roberts. B. W. . A ; Robins. R. W. ( 2004 ) . A longitudinal survey of person-environment ?t and personality development. J. Personal. 72:89–110.Russell. A. L. ( 2002 ) . MBTI: Personality penchants and diverse online acquisition experiences. 8 ( 1 ) . 25-40.Ryckman. R. M. ( 2004 ) . Theories of personality ( 8th ed. ) . United States of America: Thomson Wadsworth.Schultz. D. P. . A ; Schultz. S. E. ( 2009 ) . Theories of personality ( 9th ed. ) . United States of America. Calcium: Wadsworth. Cengage Learning.Smith. T. W. ( 2006 ) . Personality as hazard and resiliency in physical wellness.Association for Psychological Science. 15 ( 5 ) . 227-231. Stewart. N. ( 2009 ) . An debut to moral doctrine. United kingdom: Polity Press.Strack. S. ( 2006 ) . Distinguishing normal and unnatural personality ( 2nd ed. ) . United States of America: Springer Printing Company. Inc.Thomas. A. . Chess. S. . A ; Birch. H. G. ( 1970 ) . The Beginning of Personality. Scientific American. 14 ( 5 ) . 102-109.Tooby. J. . A ; Cosmides. L. ( 1990 ) . On the University of human nature and the singularity of the person: The function of genetic sciences and version. Journal of Personality. 58 ( 1 ) . 17-67. Velasquez. M. G. ( 2001 ) . Business moralss constructs and instances. 1-18.

Should Companies Promote Healthy Lifestyles Essay Example

Should Companies Promote Healthy Lifestyles Essay Companies must condone employees’ healthy lifestyles, in order to increase productivity within the workplace, which will potentially lead to higher profits. By encouraging their employees to lead healthy lifestyles, and partake in regular physical activity, companies will be projecting a positive image to society, improving the lives or their workers, whilst simultaneously reaping the financial benefits. As well as producing financial benefits, a healthy lifestyle can bring physiological and social benefits to companies and their employees. Physical activity has been proven to increase productivity in the workplace. In a recent study of worker performance, Pronk stated that â€Å"higher levels of physical activity related to reduced decrements in quality of work performance and overall job performance. † (2004, p. 19) This increase in productivity and efficiency created by healthier employees will eventually lead to higher profits for companies. A healthier employee will lead to a healthier bottom line, however this is not the only benefit that companies will receive as a result of encouraging regular exercise. As well as being more energetic and productive, a healthier employee is generally happier. A workplace comprised of happy employees will lead to higher worker morale, and will create a more positive, friendlier workplace in general. Although the consequential increase in productivity will lead to higher profits, companies will financially benefit from condoning regular physical activities in more ways than one. U. S. postal company UPS experienced the following benefits after they implemented their †Comprehensive Safety and Health Process† in 1995. On the whole, UPS has seen a decrease in absenteeism, an increase in productivity and morale, and a 60% reduction in on the job injuries since the program was first implemented. † (Bloom, 2008, p. 41) By being more proactive in condoning employees’ healthy lifestyles, companies will potentially save funds spent on sick leave and workers’ compensation payouts, as healthy, fit employees are less likely to fall sick or be injured. Should they sustain injuries within the workplace, it is more likely that their injuries will be less serious than those sustained by an unfit or overweight employee. We will write a custom essay sample on Should Companies Promote Healthy Lifestyles specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Should Companies Promote Healthy Lifestyles specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Should Companies Promote Healthy Lifestyles specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer The financial benefits of condoning employees’ healthy lifestyles were further outlined in a study that observed the outcomes of a health and productivity program implemented within the workplace. â€Å"Financially speaking, an effective, comprehensive, properly executed Hamp;P (health and productivity) program can drive significant business results†¦. employers have implemented successful Hamp;P programs leading to improved health, increased productivity and lower benefits costs – and, in turn, higher levels of performance, returns to shareholders and market premiums. (Wolf, 2008, p. 7) This study successfully reinforced each aspect of the financial benefit for companies of condoning regular physical activities and healthy lifestyles. Although the financial benefits for companies are extensive, the positive influence of employees’ healthy lifestyles extends much further into society. When encouraged by their employers to exercise regularly and lead healthy lifestyles, employees will more than likely continue to live healthily at home. Health is after all, a lifestyle, and it will extend and apply to all aspects of employees’ lives. Given the current rising obesity epidemic, this positive influence will have a considerable impact on society, and eventually encourage other members of the community to adopt healthy lifestyles. An aspect of this issue that may be argued is that of its influence on childhood obesity. Whilst adult obesity is on the rise, childhood obesity is also rapidly increasing. Some members of society may criticise that whilst employers condoning employees’ healthy lifestyles could decrease the prevalence of adult obesity, it will have no effect on the lifestyles of children in the community. Whilst it is true that it will take much more than the encouragement of employers to address the issue of obesity, it is a step in the right direction for all members of society. Although employers may only be encouraging their workers to exercise and lead healthy lifestyles, they are, at the same time, encouraging their employees’ families to do the same. Should an employee decide to adopt a healthy lifestyle, and take advantage of the incentives offered to them by their employers, it is likely that this will have such a positive effect on their lives that they will then happily condone similar lifestyle changes to other members of their family, including their children. This encouragement may include preparing healthier meals at home, limiting intake of unhealthy convenience foods, and making exercise a regular, family activity. By being more proactive in condoning employees’ healthy lifestyles, and promoting regular exercise, employers will not only be improving their profits, and increasing the health of their employees, they will also have a positive influence on the lifestyles of their workers families, and project a positive image to the community. However small their impact may be, it will help society work toward eliminating obesity, decreasing the occurrence of lifestyle related illnesses such as adult-onset (Type 2) diabetes, and creating a healthier community in general. In order to enable their employees to lead healthy lifestyles and exercise regularly, employers must offer a means, and incentive to their workers, to encourage them to adopt this lifestyle change. This could be done in a number of ways, including offering employees a discount on gymnasium memberships, subsidising or even reimbursing the cost. Companies could also invest in the installation of fitness facilities within the workplace, making exercise and fitness even more accessible to their employees. By offering this benefit to all workers, companies are also increasing the ways in which they can attract new employees. This may be the incentive needed to encourage highly employable workers to apply for positions within their company, as they are offering additional benefits, and creating a more appealing workplace in general. It may be argued that the cost of installing fitness facilities, or subsidising gym memberships would be a waste of company funding. However, this can potentially be viewed as an asset for companies. Companies invest in their employees each day, by paying them wages, benefits and superannuation. However, in order to gain the maximum return on their investment, companies must make sure that their employees are working efficiently and productively, and generating high revenues. The best way of doing this is by ensuring that their employees are physically fit and healthy, making them more productive, and an asset to the company, instead of a potential liability. Therefore, it can be concluded that condoning employees’ healthy lifestyles and encouraging regular exercise is a credible way of increasing worker productivity and efficiency, which will ultimately lead to higher revenue for companies. Whilst companies may incur initial costs when implementing health and productivity programs, they will potentially be saving company funds spent on sick leave payments and workers compensation payouts, which can often be very expensive. In addition to increased profits, companies will be projecting a positive image to the community, and influencing other members of society to adopt healthier lifestyles and helping to cease the rise in obesity. Bibliography Bloom, S. 2008). Employee Wellness Program: How UPS Improved Productivity amp; Reduced Injuries. Professional Safety, p. 41 Pronk, N. P. , et al. (2004). The Association Between Work Performance and Physical Activity, Cardiovascular Fitness and Obesity. Journal of Occupational amp; Environmental Medicine, 46, p. 19-25 Wolf, S. (2008). A Truly Healthy Bottom Line – Improving Financial Results Through Effective Health and Productivity Programs. Benefits Quarterly, 24, p. 7