L-Shaped Array for Multi-frequency Interferometry Telescope

L-Shaped Array for Multi-recurrence Interferometry Telescope Conceptual A variety of eight recieving wires with various design, all the more exactly a L-molded cluster has been worked for the Multi-recurrence Interferometry Telescope for Radio Astronomy (MITRA) venture. It comprises of recently structured Dual Polarized Log Periodic Dipole Antennas (DPLPDA). The main phase of the undertaking was to test the current cluster of DPLPDA reception apparatuses in a parallelconfiguration the North South way and to present various upgrades. Likewise, comparision of information was finished with the Durban University of Technology (DUT) at Durban RSA where a comparative cluster was developed. Next, UV inclusion of various clusters were reenacted. From that point onward, the DPLPDA were constructed.After setting up the cluster, the recieving wire reaction of every radio wire was tried and the outcomes acquired was deciphered. The last test was to test the total cluster in the wake of consolidating all the recieving wires. Part 1 Presentation and Overview 1.1Introduction 1.1.1Radio Astronomy Radio cosmology is the investigation of heavenly items that emanate radio waves.In the 1930’s, Karl Jansky (1905-1950), working for the Bell Laboratories, was attempting to decide the birthplace of the wellspring of commotion meddling with radio voice transmissions. He fabricated a steerable recieving wire intended to get radio waves at a recurrence of 20.5 MHz. From the perceptions, he found that the time of the earth’s turn comparative with the radio source was 23 hours and 56 minutes rather than 24 hours. Consequently, he inferred that the source was follwing sidereal time. He additionally saw that the most grounded radiation was originating from the focal point of our Milky Way galaxy.Inspired by Jansky’s work, Grote Reber (1911-2002) fabricated an illustrative radio telescope of distance across 9m in his back yard, in 1937. After a few preliminaries, Reber effectively distinguished radio outflow from the Milky Way, in 1938, affirming Janskys disclosure. This prompted the disclosure of a scope of heavenly articles, for example, radio systems, quasars, and pulsars with radio emanation with different kinds of recieving wires. [1] 1.1.2.1 Radio Interferometry Radio interferometry are varieties of radio recieving wires that are utilized inastronomicalobservations at the same time to reproduce singletelescopesof very largeapertures and are utilized to make estimations of fine rakish detail in the radio emanation. Radio interferometry empower estimation of the situation of radio sources with exactness to permit distinguishing proof of different articles recognized in the electromagnetic range. Michelson and Pease made the revelation of the interferometric procedures in 1921. They had the option to acquire adequately fine precise goals to gauge the distances across of a portion of the closer stars, for example, Arcturus and Betelgeuse. [2] 1.1.2.2 Aperture Synthesis Opening Synthesis or Synthesis Imaging is a sort of interferometry that associates radio signs got from an assortment of telescopes or reception apparatuses to create pictures. These pictures have a similar rakish goals as that of the size of a solitary and an a lot bigger telescope or reception apparatus. Opening union was first found by Sir Martin Ryle (27 September 1918 †14 October 1984) and colleagues from the Radio Astronomy Group at Cambridge University at radio frequencies. In 1974, Martin Ryle was the main cosmologist granted a Nobel Prize. [3] Long Baseline Interferometry(VLBI) additionally utilizes radio interferometric methods. TypicallyVLBIrefers to tests that don't procedure their information continuously, however record it for latercorrelation to deliver the subsequent picture. It accomplishes ultra-high precise goals and is a multi-disciplinary procedure. VLBIis utilized in estimating pulsar parallaxes andproper movement, settling the centers of radio cosmic systems and fets from supermassive dark gaps, among others. [14] A portion of the generally utilized radio interferometers are: the Very Large Array (VLA) in Socorro, New Mexico,USA; It comprises of 27 radio recieving wires, every one of distance across 25 meters, along three arms of a Y-formed design spread more than three 21 kilometers tracks giving 351 baselines. [4] the Multi-Element Radio Linked Interferometer Network (MERLIN), worked by Jordrell Bank Observatory; It is a variety of 7 radio telescopes spread across Britain with detachment as much as 217 kilometers working at frequencies between 151 MHz and 24 GHz. [5] the Australia Telescope Compact Array (ATCA) in Narrabri, NSW, Australia. The telescope is a variety of six indistinguishable 22 meters width dishes with five mobile dishes along a 3 kilometers railroad track and the 6th one is 3 kilometers west toward the finish of the fundamental track. The most extreme pattern length is 2.7 kilometers and the watching frequencies are from 300 MHz to 8 GHz.[6] the Giant Metrewave Radio Telescope (GMRT) in Narayangaon,Pune, India. It comprises of 30 steerable allegorical dish every one of breadth 45 meters opertaing at six distinctive recurrence groups and where 14 dishes are orchestrated in a focal square and staying 6 of every a three arm Y-molded exhibit giving a standard of around 25 Kilometers . [7] A portion of the new radio interferometers are: Low Frequency Array (LoFAR) in north of Exloo, the Netherlands (center) and neighboring nations It is a staged cluster of radio telescopes of around 25,000 little recieving wires in at 48 bigger stations where 40 of these stations are conveyed over the north of Netherlands, five stations in Germany, and one each in Great Britain, France and Sweden and has a low requency run from 10-240 MHz. [8] Figure 1: The LoFAR Array Atacama Large Millimeter Array (ALMA) in llano de Chajnantar Observatory, Atacama Desert,Chile It comprises of sixty six 12 meters and 7 meters distance across radio telescopes seeing at frequencies of 0.3 to 9.6 millimeters . [9] Murchison Widefield Array (MWA) in Murchison Radio Astronomy Observatory, Western Australia It comprises of 2048 double polarization dipole recieving wires, each a 44 cluster of dipoles and works at low radio frequencies, 80-300 MHz, with a handled data transmission of 30.72 MHz for both straight polarisations, and comprises of 128 opening exhibits (known as tiles) dispersed over roughly 3-kilometers distance across region. [10] Figure 2: MWA Antenna tiles KAT7 MeerKAT in Northern Cape, South Africa Figure 3: Aerial View of KAT7 KAT-7 comprise of 7 dishes of 12 meters in measurement each a Prime Focus Reflecting Telescopes having a base standard of 26 meters and most extreme pattern of 185 meters and have a recurrence scope of 1200 MHz †1950 MHz. KAT-7 is a designing model for the MeerKAT. KAT-7 is the world’s first radio telescope exhibit with fiberglass dishes. . MeerKAT, which is still under development and is scheduled for fruition in 2016 , will comprise of 64 dishes of 13.5 meters in distance across having a base standard of 29 meters and most extreme gauge of 20 kilometers and it will work at recurrence extending from 580MHz †1.75 GHz and 8 †15 Ghz.[11,12] e-MERLIN is an improved and updated exhibit of the old MERLIN array.The e-MERLIN instrument is a high goals radio interferometer associated by another optical fiber system to Jodrell Bank Observatory. This new framework offers ascend to a monstrous increment in affectability and observational capabilities.[13] Figure 4: e-MERLIN exhibit European VLBI Netwok (EVN) is an interferometric exhibit of radio telescopes spread across Europe which likewise remembers stations for far-East Asia , South Africa and Puerto Rico that conducts high goals radio galactic perceptions of radio sources. It is the most delicate VLBI cluster on the planet. It was shaped in 1980 and the overseeing body presently involves 14 institutes[15].TheEVNalso routinely joins different systems, for example, theVery Long Baseline Array (VLBA)and the Multi-Element Radio Linked Interferometer Network (MERLIN), to turn into a globalVLBIarray. The VLBA is spread all through Mauna Kea , Hawaii and St Croix. It ordinarily comprises of 10 VLA radio recieving wires and as result it has a most extreme gauge surpassing 8000 Km[16]. A portion of things to come African based new radio interferometers are: African VLBI Network (AVN) Multi-Frequency Interferometry Telescope for Radio Astronomy (MITRA) 1.1.3 MITRA (Multi-recurrence Interferometry Telescope for Radio Astronomy) 1.1 The MITRA is a universal radio space science venture which intends to do extremly wide field of imaging with heterogenius non coplanar clusters. The abbreviation of MITRA implies â€Å"friend† in Sanskrit. It is a low recurrence exhibit telescope mutually began by Girish Kumar Beeharry from University of Mauritius (UOM) nd Stuart David Macpherson and Gary Peter Janse Van Vuuren from the Durban University of Technolagy (DUT) in South Africa. The task is by and large at the same time executed at the Mauritius Radio Telescope (MRT), situated at Bras D’Eau Mauritius, site and at the DUT grounds site. The ventures will at that point be extended to the distinctive SKA Africa accomplice nations and in the long run to other African nations. Information from every nation will be consolidated to shape a universal gap union telescope utilizing the methods of Very Large Baseline Interferometry (VLBI). It is a delicate high goals multifrequency double extremity instrument in the scope of 200 to 800 MHz. The instrument picked for this reason for existing are Dual Polarized Log Periodic Dipole Antennas (DPLPDA)[17]. 1.1.4 African Long Baseline Interferometry Network (AVN) The African Very Long Baseline Interferometry Network (AVN) is a variety of radio telescopes all through Africa. It is wanted to frame some portion of the current worldwide VLBI systems . It will be related with the European VLBI Network (EVN ). The latteris a consortium of significant radio space science establishments in Europe and China (Schilizzi). It has part and related radio telescopes in Europe, China, South Africa (Hartebeesthoek0, Japan(Kashima) and Puerto Rico (Arecibo). The EVN is

The Betrayal and Loyalty in Macbeth and Kite Runner Free Essays

string(108) complex relationship with Baba, and as much as Amir cherishes Baba, he seldom feels Baba completely adores him back. â€Å"A kid who won’t support himself turns into a man who can’t face anything. † Baba says these words to Rahim Khan while he is discussing Amir toward the finish of Chapter 3, and the citation uncovers significant qualities in both Amir and Baba. With these words, Baba summarizes one of Amir’s significant character flawsâ€his cowardiceâ€and Baba shows how much worth he puts in going to bat for what is correct. We will compose a custom paper test on The Betrayal and Loyalty in Macbeth and Kite Runner or on the other hand any comparable point just for you Request Now Baba is hesitant to laud Amir, to a great extent since he feels Amir does not have the mental fortitude to try and go to bat for himself, leaving Amir continually longing for Baba’s endorsement. Amir’s want for this endorsement just as his weakness later reason him to let Assef assault Hassan. The citation additionally hints the significant trial of Amir’s character that happens when he should conclude whether to come back to Kabul to spare Sohrab. As Amir scans for recovery, the inquiry he battles with is decisively what concerned Baba: does he have the mental fortitude and solidarity to go to bat for what is correct? â€Å"I really sought to weakness, in light of the fact that the other option, the genuine explanation I was running, was that Assef was correct: Nothing was free in this world. Possibly Hassan was the value I needed to pay, the sheep I needed to kill, to win Baba. † When Amir says this, at the finish of Chapter 7, he has quite recently watched Assef assault Hassan,and as opposed to intercede, he fled. Amir says he tried to weakness on the grounds that, in his estimation, what he did was more terrible than weakness. On the off chance that dread of being harmed by Assef were the principle reason he ran, Amir proposes that in any event would have been increasingly legitimized. Rather, he permitted the assault to happen on the grounds that he needed the blue kite, which he thought would demonstrate to Baba that he was a victor like him, winning him Baba’s love and endorsement. The cost of the kite, as Amir says, was Hassan, and this is the reason Amir calls Hassan the sheep he needed to kill. He draws a correlation among Hassan and the sheep relinquished during the Muslim occasion of Eid Al-Adha to celebrate Abraham’s close to forfeit of his child to God. In this specific circumstance, Hassan was the penance Amir needed to make to get the kite and at last to pick up Baba’s fondness. â€Å"That was quite a while prior, however it’s wrong what they state about the past, I’ve educated, about how you can cover it. Since the past paws out. Thinking back now, I understand I have been looking into that abandoned rear entryway for he last twenty-six years. † At the beginning of Chapter 1, similarly as the book starts, Amir composes these words. With them, he indicates the focal show of the story and the explanation he is telling it. To the peruser, the citation capacities as a secret. It arouses the reader’s curiosity with out uncovering precisely what Amir is discussing, and from the timespan Amir makes reference to, twenty-six years, the peruser gets a thought of exactly how significant this second was. As the story unfurls, we understand that the abandoned back street Amir alludes to is the place Hassan was assaulted, and that this occasion has to a great extent characterized the course of Amir’s life since. This is the thing that Amir implies when he says that the past keeps on tearing out. Attempt as he would to cover it, he couldn't on the grounds that his sentiments of blame continued emerging. Therefore, he metaphorically keeps looking into the back street where Assef assaulted Hassan, truly implying that he props up over the occasion in his psyche. â€Å"There is an approach to be acceptable once more. † (pg. 2) Rahim Khan said this to Amir to urge him to help Hassan’s child get away from Afghanistan. †And he got the chance to choose what was dark and what was white. You can’t love an individual who experience that path without dreading him as well. Possibly loathing him a bit. † (pg 15) This is Amir’s evaluation of his dad. It was a look I had seen previously. It was the vibe of the sheep. † (pg. 76) Here Amir depicts the look on Hassan’s face as Assef and two others assault him. The look helps Amir to remember a sacrifical sheep. I begrudged her. Her mystery was out. Spoken. Managed. † (pg 165) Amir offers this remark to the peruser after Soraya reveals to him the entire story of how she fled with a man and disgraced her family. He wishes he could determine what privileged insights he hefts around, as well. Baba had wrestled bears as long as he can remember . . At long last, a bear had come that he couldn’t best. Be that as it may, and still, at the end of the day, he had lost on his own terms. † (pg 174) Baba has passed on and Amir summarizes his existence with these words. The Search For Redemption Amir’s journey to vindicate himself makes up the core of the novel. At an ea rly stage, Amir endeavors to make up for himself in Baba’s eyes, principally in light of the fact that his mom passed on bringing forth him, and he feels dependable. To make up for himself to Baba, Amir figures he should win the kite-competition and present to Baba the losing kite, the two of which are impelling occurrences that set the remainder of the novel moving. The more significant piece of Amir’s scan for recovery, be that as it may, comes from his blame with respect to Hassan. That blame drives the climactic occasions of the story, including Amir’s excursion to Kabul to discover Sohrab and his encounter with Assef. The ethical standard Amir must meet to acquire his reclamation is set from the get-go in the book, when Baba says that a kid who doesn’t defend himself turns into a man who can’t face anything. As a kid, Amir neglects to go to bat for himself. As a grown-up, he can just make up for himself by demonstrating he has the mental fortitude to go to bat for what is correct. The Love and Tension Between Fathers and Sons Amir has an exceptionally perplexing connection with Baba, and as much as Amir cherishes Baba, he seldom feels Baba completely adores him back. You read The Betrayal and Loyalty in Macbeth and Kite Runner in class Exposition models Amir’s want to win Baba’s love therefore inspires him not to stop Hassan’s assault. Baba has his own trouble interfacing with Amir. He feels remorseful treating Amir well when he can’t recognize Hassan as his child. Therefore, he is no picnic for Amir, and he can just show his affection for Hassan by implication, by bringing Hassan along when he takes Amir out, for example, or paying for Hassan’s lip medical procedure. Conversely with this, the most cherishing connection among father and child we see is that of Hassan and Sohrab. Hassan, be that as it may, is slaughtered, and close to the finish of the novel we watch Amir attempting to turn into a substitute dad to Sohrab. Their relationship encounters its own strains as Sohrab, who is recouping from the loss of his folks and the maltreatment he endured, experiences difficulty opening up to Amir. At the point when we got to Kabul, I [Rahim Khan] found that Hassan had no goal of moving into the house. â€Å"But every one of these rooms are unfilled, Hassan jan. Nobody will live in them,† I said. However, he would not. He said it involved ihtiram, a matter of regard. He and Farzana moved their things into the hovel in the patio, where he was conceived. I argued for them to move into one of the visitor rooms upstairs, however Hassan would hear nothing of it. â€Å"What will Amir agha think? † he said to me. â€Å"What will he think when he returns to Kabul after the war and finds that I have expected his place in the house? † Then, in grieving for your dad, Hassan donned dark for the following forty days. (16. 24-25) You might be befuddled by the voice here. It’s really not Amir †Rahim Khan gets one section in the book. Rahim Khan relates his excursion to Hazarajat to discover Hassan and take him back to the house in Kabul. When Hassan moves back to the house with Rahim Khan, he will not live where Baba and Amir lived. Does Hassan’s refusal recommend that Hassan is just Amir’s hireling and the two never accomplished an equivalent companionship? (Side inquiry: Does Hassan sense †on some oblivious level †Baba’s genuine relationship to him? Is that why he grieves Baba for forty days? ) I felt like a man sliding down a precarious bluff, grasping at bushes and tangles of thorns and coming up with hardly a penny. The room was plunging all over, influencing side to side. Did Hassan know? † I said through lips that didn’t feel like my own. Rahim Khan shut his eyes. Shook his head. [†¦ ] â€Å"Please think, Amir Jan. It was a dishonorable circumstance. Individuals would talk. All that a man had in those days, all that he was, was his respect, his name, and if individuals talked†¦ We couldn’t tell anybody, without a doubt you can see that. † He went after me, yet I shed his hand. Set out toward the entryway. [†¦ ] I opened the entryway and went to him. â€Å"Why? What can you say to me? I’m thirty-eight years of age and I’ve simply discovered as long as I can remember is one major screwing lie! What can you say to improve things? Nothing. Not a goddamn thing! † (17. 57-63) Rahim Khan educates Amir concerning Baba’s selling out of him, Hassan, and Ali. Here’s the story: Baba laid down with Sanaubar, Ali’s spouse, and fathered Hassan. Be that as it may, Baba never informed Amir or Hassan regarding it. We wonder if Rahim Khan’s disclosure makes life simpler or harder for Amir. From one viewpoint, Amir sees, just because, the similitudes among himself and his dad. Presently he knows he wasn’t the just one strolling around with a huge amount of blocks (a. k. a. mystery blame). Be that as it may, does this truly support Amir? Is it ameliorating at all to realize his dad committed comparative errors? Amir’s selling out of Hassan carries him closer to Baba in manners he couldn’t have anticipated. Despite the fact that the two don’t share similar privileged insights, they do share the mystery of blame. â€Å"You know,† Rahim Khan stated,

The Fading Pulp Magazine Subculture

The Fading Pulp Magazine Subculture My sixth-grade teacher, Mrs. Saunders, read us A Wrinkle in Time by Madeleine L’Engle the year it was first published. I didn’t know it then, but that story set me on a path towards pulp magazines. It was 1962, I was eleven. L’Engle’s story infected me with the science fiction bug by passing on memes that first emerged in Amazing Stories and Astounding Science Fiction in the 1920s and 1930s. As a sixth-grader, I did not know about genres, but I’d walk up and down the shelves at Air Base Elementary or the base library at Homestead Air Force Base looking for books about space travel. By the eighth grade, I was a dedicated bookworm. I could now distinguish genres by cover art or the blurbs on dust jackets, but I was yet to know how genres emerged from the pulp magazine era. Fiction hasn’t always been pigeonholed into convenient categories allowing bookworms to binge-read their favorite kinds of stories. About a year later I stumbled onto two old books in the dusty stacks of the Miami Public Library, worn down and rebound, that were early hardbacks of science fiction. One was Adventures in Time and Space (1946) edited by Raymond J. Healy and J. Francis McComas and the other was A Treasury of Science Fiction (1948) edited by Groff Conklin. These two pioneering works collected the best science fiction short stories from the pulp magazines of the 1930s and 1940s. I was getting very close to the source of the river we call science fiction. Then I found science fiction historian Sam Moskowitz  and his books,  Explorers of the Infinite (1963) and Seekers of Tomorrow (1965), that gave the history of both science fiction and pulp magazines, roughly 1900â€"1950. By this time, I was in ninth grade, making my own money with a paper route and mowing lawns and starting to buy books. I found a used bookstore that sold old digest size magazines that were the descendants of pulp magazines, including  Galaxy, If, Analog, Amazing, Fantastic, and FSF. Only two of them still publish today. Before Star Trek premiered in September  1966 I knew no one else who read science fiction. These magazines proved there were others like me, but where were they? At the time I thought I had discovered a secret subculture. In the science fiction digests, I’d read essays by science fiction writers about when they were growing up reading the pulps and how they had to hide their copy of Astounding Science Fiction in respectable books because reading pulp fiction was considered very low class and reading science fiction meant you believed in that crazy Buck Rogers stuff. In 1967 I finally found a friend who read science fiction, and weve been arguing ever since because we didn’t agree which stories and authors were best. I still didn’t know about the real pulp magazine then, but when I moved to Memphis in the early 1970s I saw a letter to the editor in Amazing Stories from a guy who lived in town. I found his name in the phone book and called him up. He told me about the local science fiction club. That’s where I met two older men who had large collections of pulp magazines. They were Darrell Richardson and Claude Saxon. The first club meeting I attended was at Richardson’s house, and he gave us a tour of his extensive collection. I learned later he had one of the largest collection of pulps in Americaâ€"and he was a Baptist preacher. I became friends with Saxon, who had a large, but not famous, collection. Claude inspired me to start buying old pulps and to get into silent movies. Thats the thing about the pulp fans, they also loved all kinds of old pop culture. It was the early 1970s and I found fandom, fanzines, and conventions. I remember going to my first convention in Kansas City and thinking I had finally found my people. There were many buyers and sellers of pulps at the con. This is how I learn about older generations growing up reading the pulp magazines. Claude was a generation older than most of us in the science fiction club. His favorite pulp magazines were from the 1900s through the 1920s like All-Story, Argosy, Adventure, Blue Book, before the pulps broke into genre magazines. We owe or can blame the pulp magazine publishers for dividing fiction into marketing categories. Pulp magazines were television before television, providing Americans with fictional escapism. Short stories were like half-hour TV shows, novelettes were like hour shows, and novellas and serialized novels were like mini-series. Before television became popular in the 1950s, pulp magazine were the main source of popular fiction. The pulps offered way more genres than television ever did. In the 1950s the book, television, and movie industries consolidated the genres into westerns, mysteries, thrillers, fantasy, science fiction, horror, romance, and a few others; before that, fans could subscribe to dedicate magazines devoted to single topic stories like airplane combat or spicy ranch romances. If I had born earlier, I might not have spent a lifetime of reading mostly science fiction. Claude read all kinds of pulp magazines. He loved detective pulps, western pulps, railroad pulps, aviation pulps, and so on. Claude seemed much older than his actual years, living in the past that existed before he was born. He was a big guy and reminded me of Sidney Greenstreet. He read more books than any other person than I’ve ever met, then and since. He handed down a love of pulp magazines to countless folks. Then in 1977, I had to grow up. I stopped going to the science fiction club, quit going to conventions, and sold my science fiction books and pulp magazine collection. I got married and started a job I stuck with for 36 years. Now that I’m retired I’ve returned to reading pulps. I’ve bought a few pulps again  but decided they are too old, too expensive, and too fragile to collect any more. But I have discovered a subculture on the internet that shares digital scans of the old pulp magazines. If youre curious, try these sites: The Pulp Magazine Archive Pulp Magazine Project The Luminist League Over the years, beautiful coffee table books about the pulps appear, but quickly go out-of-print. The Art of the Pulps: An Illustrated History is the most recent history. Even back in the early 1970s, the pulp magazine subculture was dying. Television killed off pulp magazines in the 1950s, though a handful of digest-sized magazines continue to publish. At one time, hundreds of pulp titles filled the newsstands. Half-a-century later, a tiny subculture collects, cherishes, and preserves them. They still hold pulp magazine conventions, but the fans are old, and the cons are smaller. Old pulp fans lament they can’t get their kids and grandkids interested. They worry about what will happen to their collections. Once again, the internet is changing things. Some old pulp fans are scanning their pulps and putting them online. It’s not legal, but no one cares. No one cares because so damn few people read the pulp magazines anymore, even when they are free. Yet, these pulp scanners are doing a kind of volunteer librarian work, creating special collections for researchers and possibly future readers. At first, pulp scanners quickly scanned issues and uploaded them. Then a few scanners started taking more pride in their work. They bought better scanners, they learned Photoshop, they started removing stains, rust marks, fixing smudges, tears, staple holes, creases, and even whiting the acid browned paper. I recently saw a scan of an old 1927 Saturday Evening Post that looked pristine with bright new pages. Pulp magazines were printed on cheap wood pulp paper that’s not archival or acid-free. Their pages turn darker brown every year, becoming brittle. If you try to bend a corner to bookmark a page, the corner will snap off. It’s almost impossible to safely read a pulp magazine today without harming it. The pulp scanners use CBR/CBZ comic book file formats or the universal PDF formats that will preserve pulps as long as we keep our digital civilization going. Pulp scanning is a labor of love. Mostly old bookworms are preserving the pop culture of their youth. Will lovers of todays fan fiction work as hard to preserve their pop culture when they get to their social security years? Will fans of Harry Potter and Hermione Granger preserve all the extensive pop culture artifacts they generate when they reach Dumbledores age? Now that I’m retired I’ve returned to reading old pulp magazines. I am among the few of the baby boomer generation that still loves the pulps. I got that love from an older generation. I’d like to see younger generations take up that love, but I doubt it will happen. I remember being in my twenties and meeting very old men, and they were always men, who remembered and collected dime novels. In the 1960s, Sam Moskowitz wrote about the dying generation of dime novel collectors, like Im writing about the dying pulp fans now. Most people embrace the pop culture of their formative years. A small percentage of every generation try to keep up with succeeding waves of newer pop culture. And a small percentage of us work backward in time embracing older generations of pop culture. I was born in 1951 and I have moved both forward and backward  in time. I’ve stretched my pop culture embrace from the 1920s through the 1980s, and know a bit of the pop culture three decades on either end of that range. The pulp magazine subculture is fading away. Its fans are dying, and I tend to feel genre distinctions are beginning to fade too. Writers now must top each other by writing multi-genre novels. Maybe it’s time to stop segregating fiction by theme. But then, if bookworms keep reading by genre theyre at least carrying on a tradition that started with the pulp magazines. Sign up to Swords Spaceships to  receive news and recommendations from the world of science fiction and fantasy.